Author Affiliations
1 Equipment Department of the Navy Stationed in Xi′an Military Representative Bureau, Chinese People′s Liberation Army, Xi′an, Shaanxi 710043, China2 Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China3 School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Principle of Doppler wind lidar[10]
Fig. 2. Principle of direct detection Doppler wind lidar[11]
Fig. 3. Principle of coherent detection Doppler wind lidar[16-17]
Fig. 4. TWiLITE Doppler wind lidar[20]
Fig. 5. Conceptual drawings of MARLI measurement. (a) Conceptual drawing in Mars polar orbit; (b) measurement orientation; (c) dual-beam concept of instrumental lowing vector wind measurement[22]
Fig. 6. Schematic of ALADIN measurement[24]
Fig. 7. WindTracer and wind shear measurement results. (a) Photo of WindTracer; (b) wind shear detection[32-33]
Fig. 8. Application of ZephIR Doppler wind lidar[35]
Fig. 9. Architecture of WindImager Doppler wind lidar[36]
Fig. 10. WindImager Doppler wind lidar. (a) Picture of real product; (b) verification test charts[36]
Fig. 11. Windcube 400s Doppler wind lidar. (a) Picture of real product; (b) airport test result[37]
Fig. 12. Application of three-dimensional Doppler wind lidar in airport[1]
Fig. 13. Application of civil low altitude Doppler wind lidar Molas B300 in wind power industry[39]
Fig. 14. Schematic of fiber-optic amplifier based on MOPA structure[7]
Contrastive item | Coherent detection lidar | Direct detection liar |
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Wavelength sand lasers | CO2 gas lasers at 10.6 μm, Tm∶LuAG or Tm, Ho∶YAG at 2 μm, Er-doped fiber at 1.5-1.6 μm | Nd∶YAG at 1 064 nm, frequency doubled at 532 nm and tripled at 355 nm | Atmospheric backscatter | atmospheric aerosol | molecules with Rayleigh-Brillouin line shape (broad bandwidth), aerosol and cloud return | Receiver | mainly heterodyne detection | 1) edge technology: edge filter based on optical interferometer, such as F-P (Farby-Perot) etalon or molecular edge absorption filter; 2) fringe image technology: fringe image detection based on optical interferometer, such as F-P interferometer | Calibration | no calibration needed | calibration needed to obtain relationship between Doppler frequency shift and detected signal | Additional parameter | no additional parameters needed for wind retrieval | atmospheric temperature and pressure needed for correction of retrieved wind from molecular backscatter | Technology readiness | systems commercially available | mainly for research systems | Main application | 1) vertical wind profiles of the atmosphere from the ground to an altitude about 10 km; 2) wind shear and gust front detection, as well as other high-resolution and high-density wind measurements at high data rates; 3) aircraft wake detection and tracking near the airport; 4) aerial wind measurements to detect clear-sky turbulence in front of aircraft; 5) weather forecast; 6) wind power monitoring | wind sensing for higher altitudes of upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, such as orbital and interstellar wind measurements |
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Table 1. Comparison of coherent detection and direct detection Doppler wind lidar[8]