Fig. 1. Principle of stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM)^[13]. (a) Target structure; (b) localization of activated probes; (c) super-resolution image

Fig. 2. Basic principle of STED microscopy^[15]. (A is simplified Jablonski diagram describing the energy transitions of green fluorescent protein (GFP) during a fluorescence cycle;B is spatial restriction of fluorescence emission using doughnut shaped STED PSF; C is design of a home-built STED microscope for performing two-color super-resolution imaging of green and yellow emitting probes in living brain slices)

Fig. 3. Principle of SIM ^[22]. (a) Raw image; (b) reconstructed image

Fig. 4. Principle of resolution enhancement of SIM^[24]. (a) Sample with detail features; (b) structured illumination pattern; (c) Moire' fringes formed by superposing structured illumination pattern in Fig. 4(b) with sample in Fig. 4(a); (d) Fourier space representation of SIM

Fig. 5. STORM super-resolution reconstruction images of Hela cells^[92]. (a) Wide-field fluorescence image; (b) reconstruction image; (c) locally enlarged image