Minor changes to elements in organisms can have a direct impact on their metabolism and physiological processes. Rapid and accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses of these elements are critical for both metabolism detection and clinical disease diagnosis. As medical detection technology continues to develop and clinical demand continues to increase, researchers are seeking newer, faster, and more adaptable clinical analysis and diagnostic technologies. Because of its fast, real-time, and multi-element simultaneous detection capabilities, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology has shown great promise in recent years for use in blood and pathological tissue detection and elemental distribution imaging. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research status and latest progress of LIBS technology in biomedical applications and evaluates the challenges and opportunities of LIBS technology in the application fields of blood detection, biological tissue analysis, and elemental imaging. The paper also provides suggestions for further promoting the application of LIBS technology in the biomedical field.