Fig. 1. Fabrication process for changing structural color or photonic band gap. (a) Schematic of fabrication processes of disk and ring structures^[33]; (b1) scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PS nanosphere after rubbing on PDMS-coated glass slide^[34]; (b2) different colors depended on tilted angle (θ), azimuthal angle (Q), and sample-to-eye distance[

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Fig. 2. Fabrication processes related to color printing. (a1) Schematic of printing process using inkjet printer^[36]; (a2) diffraction spectra with incident angle θ_i=60°^[36]; (a3) reflectivity of light with different wavelengths at different incident angles^[36]; (b) schematic of “drop-casting” procedure^{[Download full size}

Fig. 3. Fabrications related to color printing. (a) Schematic of fabrication process of sandwich structure using freestanding photonic crystal film^[40]; (b) schematic of self-assembled ACAs^[41]; (c) schematic of inkjet printing process of CdS pattern on paper-based substrates^[42]; (d1) (d2) schematics of fabrication processes of colloidal crystal patterns<

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Fig. 4. Holograms of opal-like structures formed on different substrates under different incident angles. (a)-(c) Silicon wafer; (d) (e) glass slide; (f) (g) glossy photo paper^[44]

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Fig. 5. Fabrication processes related to anti-reflective coating. (a) Sample of UT-SOI and fabrication process^[46]; (b) fabrication process of TiO₂ layer^[47]; (c1) schematic of ideal plasmonic absorber^[48]; (c2) self-assembly of gold nanoparticles to form plasmonic absorbers^[48]; (c3) images of n

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Fig. 6. Structure and luminous efficiency of LEDs. (a1) Principle of InGaN quantum well LED^[50]; (a2) light output power as a function of current for InGaN quantum well LED ^[50]; (b1) schematic of LED bottom reflector with superlattice^[35]; (b2) (b3) light output power and electro-luminescence spectra^[35]

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Fig. 7. Fabrication of microlens arrays. (a) Schematic of mass production of microlens array by nanosphere lithography^[55]; (b1) diffraction image of fabricated 4-inch glass substrate coated with PS nanosphere mask^[55]; (b2)-(b4) optical microscope images of microlens array at different observation scales^[55]; (c1) simulated light-field distribution^[<

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Fig. 8. Colloidal-crystal laser. (a) Principle of low-threshold colloidal-crystal laser^[56]; (b) schematics of photonic band gap shift under voltages in different bias directions^[57]

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Fig. 9. Fabrication process of sensors. (a) Micro-nano fabrication process flow of bio-inspired Si₃N₄-membrane^[65]; (b) schematic of self-assembly process and SEM image of fiber end^[66]; (c) schematic of Raman measurement^[67]

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Fig. 10. Self-assembled molecular-colloidal motor. (a) Three-dimensional schematic of self-assembled molecular-colloidal light-driven motor. Rods in xz plane represent liquid crystal molecules and, and rods in xy plane represent azobenzene molecules^[68]; (b) snapshots of translational motion of platelet under polarized blue light and polarized white light^[68]

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