Author Affiliations
1National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu , China2Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, Jiangsu , Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Capacity of the ideal AWGN channel with Gaussian inputs and with equiprobable
-PAM inputs
[5] Fig. 2. 16QAM probabilistic shaping. (a) 16QAM; (b) PS-16QAM
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of PS-16QAM probabilistic shaping. (a) Probability distribution; (b) signal constellation
Fig. 4. Basic framework of probabilistic shaping technology
Fig. 5. System symbols and performance indicators
[74-76] Fig. 6. CCDM implementation block diagram
[23]. (a) Principle block diagram; (b) schematic drawings
Fig. 7. PS-8ASK with three parameter values
Fig. 8. Effect of changing shaping factor on GMI of transmitted and received symbols
Fig. 9. Arithmetic coding probabilistic shaping scheme. (a) PAS scheme
[24]; (b) PDM /MPDM scheme
[49]; (c) 2D-DM scheme
[56] Fig. 10. Influence degree of arithmetic coding probabilistic shaping scheme index
Fig. 11. Arithmetic coding PS performance parameter index comparison
Fig. 12. Performance chart
[28]. (a) AIR and SNR; (b) FER and SNR
Fig. 13. Symbol-level labeling PS scheme. (a) Outer maps to the inner layer
[64]; (b) set partition
[60-61] Fig. 14. Schematic of probabilistic shaping based on symbol-level labeling
[9] Fig. 15. Non-uniform signal designed for PS scheme. (a) Huffman code
[66] ; (b) bisection-based
[67] AC shaping scheme | Ref. | Characteristic | Shortcoming |
---|
Serial structure | CCDM | [23] | Lower complexity,asymptotically optimal | High latency,rate loss | PAS | [24] | Rate adaption,lower BER | High complexity,rate loss | Parallel structure | PDM | [44] | High throughput,lower complexity | A gap to the MB distribution | MPDM | [49] | Flexible output composition,lower rate loss | High hardware requirements | MDDM | [56] | Approaching MB,multi-dimensional | High hardware requirements |
|
Table 1. Comparison of characteristics and shortcomings of AC probabilistic shaping scheme
Signal | | | |
---|
-ASK | | | | -QAM | | | | -ND | | | |
|
Table 2. PAS related parameter rate
Constellation | Rate /bit | Capacity C SNR /dB | Uniform SNR /dB | Gap /dB |
SNR /dB | Gap /dB | Shaping gain /dB |
---|
4-ASK | 1 | 4.7712 | 5.1181 | 0.3469 | 4.8180 | 0.0468 | 0.3001 | 8-ASK | 2 | 11.7609 | 12.6187 | 0.8578 | 11.8425 | 0.0816 | 0.7762 | 16-ASK | 3 | 17.9934 | 19.1681 | 1.1747 | 18.0910 | 0.0976 | 1.0771 | 32-ASK | 4 | 24.0654 | 25.4140 | 1.3486 | 24.1706 | 0.1052 | 1.2434 | 64-ASK | 5 | 30.0988 | 31.5384 | 1.4396 | 30.2078 | 0.1090 | 1.3306 |
|
Table 3. Gaps of uniform ASK and PS to capacity C
Architecture | | | | |
---|
CCDM/PAS | 367 | 1.6991 | 1.7490 | 0.0499 | 367 | 2.2378 | 2.3132 | 0.0754 | 367 | 6.7963 | 6.9523 | 0.1560 | MPDM | 374 | 1.7315 | 1.7490 | 0.0175 | 374 | 2.2262 | 2.2727 | 0.0465 | 374 | 6.9259 | 6.9913 | 0.0654 | Sphere | 374 | 1.7315 | 1.7459 | 0.0133 | 374 | 2.2262 | 2.2496 | 0.0234 | 374 | 6.9259 | 6.9684 | 0.0425 |
|
Table 4. Rate loss under different block length n
Optical fiber transmission system |
---|
Ref. | Institution | Signal | Distance /km | Rate | Characteristic |
---|
[19] | University of Arizona | 8/16/32QAM | 100 | 12.5 Gbaud | Superior performance | [29] | Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications | PAM8 | 2 | 28 Gb/s | Low complexity and improve BER | [33] | Technical University of Munich | 16/64QAM | B2B | - | Higher sensitivity gains and close to the gap to capacity | [34] | Huazhong University of Science and Technology | 256QAM | 75 | 50.2 Gb/s | Superior net date rate and suitable for multicarrier systems | [71] | Fudan University | 32QAM | 1 | 108.29 Gb/s | Better receiver sensitivity gain | [83] | Huaqiao University | PAM8 | 20 | 16.8 Gbaud | Fewer PS redundancy | [84] | Huawei Technologies/China Telecom Beijing Research Institute | 16QAM | 1142 | 200 Gb/s | Real-time and improve performance,energy-efficiency |
|
Table 5. Research of PS technology in optical fiber transmission system
ROF transmission system |
---|
Ref. | Institution | Signal | Distance /m | Rate /(Gb·s-1) | Characteristic |
---|
[51] | Zhejiang University | 16QAM-OFDM | 20 | >100 | Ultrahigh data rate | [54] | Hunan University | 64QAM | 0.5 | 1.81 | Flexibility and small capacity granularity | [85] | Fudan University | 512QAM、128QAM | 1 | 208.4 | Increase the maximal AIR | [86] | Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications | 16QAM | 40 | 12.144 | BER performance,higher bit rate | [87] | University of Antioquia | 8/16QAM | - | 10 | Better performance、longer transmission distance | [88] | Georgia Institude of Technology | 16QAM-OFDM | 4 | 25.9 | First experimental demonstration |
|
Table 6. Research of PS technology in ROF transmission system
VLC transmission system |
---|
Ref. | Tx | Rx | Signal | Rate | Institution |
---|
[40] | LED | PD | PAM4 | 2 Gb/s | Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications | [90] | LED | PD | 256QAM | 204.1 Mb/s | Huazhong University of Science and Technology | [91] | LED | PD | 64QAM | 50.75 Mb/s | University of Shanghai for Science and Technology | [92] | LD | APD | DMT | 10.23 Gb/s | National Taiwan University/Fudan University | [93] | LED | PIN | 16QAM | 1.70 Gb/s | Fudan University |
|
Table 7. Research of PS technology in VLC transmission system