Shengjin Lake wetland in Anhui Provinceis a typical lake wetland which located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It is an ideal wintering place for wintering migratory birds, especially rare cranes. The construction of water conservancy facilities has changed the natural connection of Shengjin Lake, and the lake water level has been affected by changes. Human-made control, which in turn causes changes in the landscape pattern, affects the habitat of over wintering migratory birds. In order to explore the influence of water level fluctuations on overwintering migratory birds, in this paper land use types in Shengjin Lake were classified based on Landsat-8 (OLI) multispectral remotesensing images, water level data were combined and migratory bird population characteristics data were selected, the landscape patch spectral feature index was ranked, the water level change law of the Shengjin Lake wetland in different hydrological periods was analyzed, the spatiotemporal change characteristics of wetland landscape patch spectral characteristics were explored, the natural wetland landscape pattern and the habitat change pattern of overwintering migratory birds were explored. The results showed that spatially the large patches areas were dominant in the wet season, and the medium patches areas have reached the peak in the dry season. The landscape patterns were well distributed in the ebb and dry season. The overall landscape showed that the large patches areaswere dominant, small and complex; the small patches distribution were scattered, huge and regular; and the small and medium patches areas were uniform and different. In terms of time, the landscape patterns were changed with the water level, the total numbers of patches were increased firstly and then decreased with the rising of water level, while the numbers of small patches were changed mostly and their stability was poor, which were easily affected by the fluctuation of water level. The shape indexes of large patches were influenced greatly by the water level, which the shape index of large patches was tended to be complicated when the water level raised. The shape indexes of large patches werethe largest in the flood period, and were tended to be long and narrow. The effects of landscape edge were tended to be obvious, and the heterogeneity of internal structure was decreased; the fragrance diversity index in the four hydrological periods were 1.754 2 (Flood Period), 1.571 7 (Wet Period), 1.762 3 (Ebb Period), and 1.790 1 (Dry Period) respectively. The indexes of fragrance diversity were decreased, and the diversity of landscape types were tended to be single. Winter migratory birds habitat areas were negative correlation with the water level, the areas of three types including grass land, mudflats and reed shoal were tradeoffs and long-term equilibrium. The grass land areas were accounted for the highest in the habitat area which played a leading role (68.01%), the overall habitat areaswere peaked in the late migratory birds wintering (in the dry season), which were benefited by wintering birds for foraging behavior activities. Based on this conclusion, it is suggested that artificially regulating the water level of Shengjin lake by controlling sluice during the dry season of over wintering (August to January of the following year) could increase the area of each habitat type and provide excellent habitat for over wintering migratory birds.