To satisfy the high-precision and high-efficiency measurement requirements of aero-engine blades, a fast three-dimensional measurement method based on the HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color model is proposed herein. First, the HSI model is analyzed to design a structured light-based three-dimensional measurement system, and a look-up table (LUT) based color correction method is employed to correct the color crosstalk and calibrate the mapping relationship between hue and depth. The proposed approach uses only one color pattern to obtain the hue of a package. A color-coded color bar image is used on the discontinuous surface to recognize the fringe level and then complete the hue unwrapping. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by simulation. Finally, the three-dimensional measurement of the rotor blades of a high-pressure aero-engine compressor is performed, and the efficiency of the proposed method is compared with that of the conventional method of obtaining the wrapped phase and unwrapping. Experimental results show that the proposed method satisfies the measurement requirements of aero-engine blades and can improve measurement efficiency.