Author Affiliations
1 Department of Graduate Management, Equipment Academy, Beijing 101416, China2 Department of Space Command, Equipment Academy, Beijing 101416, China3 Department of Space Equipment, Equipment Academy, Beijing 101416, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Angles schematic in BRDF measurement
Fig. 2. Activation effect of ReLU. (a) Before activation; (b) after activation
Fig. 3. Dropout diagram
Fig. 4. Modeling process of DNN
Fig. 5. Fitting effect of anode plate coated by gold film. (a) θi=2°; (b) θi=15°; (c) θi=60°; (d) θi=75°
Fig. 6. Loss function value decline curve of anode plate coated by gold film
Fig. 7. Fitting effect of epoxy paint. (a) θi=2°; (b) θi=30°; (c) θi=75°; (d) θi=80°
Fig. 8. Loss function value decline curve of epoxy paint
Fig. 9. Comparison of fitting effects of three models for epoxy paint. DNN model: (a) θi=5°, (b) θi=30°; five-parameter model: (c) θi=5°, (d) θi=30°; Phong model: (e) θi=5°, (f) θi=30°
Fig. 10. Comparison of fitting effects of three models for polyimide film. DNN model: (a) θi=5°, (b) θi=30°; five-parameter model: (c) θi=5°, (d) θi=30°; Phong model: (e) θi=5°, (f) θi=30°
Training error | Test error | Average test error |
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0.00741 | 0.01571 | 0.02279 | 0.03036 | | 0.02320 | 0.03145 | | 0.01546 | 0.04237 | | 0.06529 | 0.01871 | | 0.01355 | 0.01868 | | 0.01634 | 0.07684 | | 0.03029 | 0.02392 | | 0.01927 | 0.01839 | | 0.01293 | 0.01627 | | 0.01586 |
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Table 1. Modeling errors of 2A12 white paint
Ratio of training sample | Training error | Test error | Average test error |
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0.75 | 0.01899 | 0.01836 | 0.01715 | 0.03421 | | 0.02942 | 0.01600 | | 0.01036 | 0.02601 | | 0.02160 | 0.00647 | | 0.00600 | 0.50 | 0.02500 | 0.02038 | 0.01664 | 0.00497 | | 0.00541 | 0.00878 | | 0.01324 | 0.02046 | | 0.01847 | 0.01593 | | 0.02227 |
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Table 2. Modeling errors comparison of training samples with different scales