• Photonics Research
  • Vol. 11, Issue 3, 364 (2023)
Letícia Avellar1, Anselmo Frizera1, Helder Rocha1, Mariana Silveira1, Camilo Díaz1, Wilfried Blanc2, Carlos Marques3、*, and Arnaldo Leal-Junior1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil
  • 2Université Côte d’Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
  • 3I3N and Physics Department, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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    DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.471301 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Letícia Avellar, Anselmo Frizera, Helder Rocha, Mariana Silveira, Camilo Díaz, Wilfried Blanc, Carlos Marques, Arnaldo Leal-Junior. Machine learning-based analysis of multiple simultaneous disturbances applied on a transmission-reflection analysis based distributed sensor using a nanoparticle-doped fiber[J]. Photonics Research, 2023, 11(3): 364 Copy Citation Text show less
    AI-integrated optical fiber sensing approach as a result of the combination of a photonics sensor and machine learning.
    Fig. 1. AI-integrated optical fiber sensing approach as a result of the combination of a photonics sensor and machine learning.
    Experimental setup of the multiple simultaneous disturbances characterization for two protocols.
    Fig. 2. Experimental setup of the multiple simultaneous disturbances characterization for two protocols.
    FFNN model for both protocols of system’s characterization.
    Fig. 3. FFNN model for both protocols of system’s characterization.
    Smart environment protocol. (a) Smart environment setup: entrance carpet (L1), chair (L2), bathroom handrail (L3), bedroom carpet (L4), bed (L5), and desktop (L6). (b) FFNN model for the smart environment protocol.
    Fig. 4. Smart environment protocol. (a) Smart environment setup: entrance carpet (L1), chair (L2), bathroom handrail (L3), bedroom carpet (L4), bed (L5), and desktop (L6). (b) FFNN model for the smart environment protocol.
    Transmitted and reflected optical powers under three conditions in Protocol 1: (a) single-point perturbation, (b) two-point perturbation, and (c) three-point perturbation.
    Fig. 5. Transmitted and reflected optical powers under three conditions in Protocol 1: (a) single-point perturbation, (b) two-point perturbation, and (c) three-point perturbation.
    Confusion matrices of each label for single and multiple perturbation detection using the FFNN model.
    Fig. 6. Confusion matrices of each label for single and multiple perturbation detection using the FFNN model.
    Results of the force regression for each point (no weight was applied on P6).
    Fig. 7. Results of the force regression for each point (no weight was applied on P6).
    Temporal analysis of real and predicted forces applied on each position.
    Fig. 8. Temporal analysis of real and predicted forces applied on each position.
    Results of transmitted and reflected optical power using the TRA setup for place identification in the smart environment.
    Fig. 9. Results of transmitted and reflected optical power using the TRA setup for place identification in the smart environment.
    Metrics of the FFNN model with 70 epochs for the identification of the accessed places in the smart environment: (a) loss and (b) accuracy.
    Fig. 10. Metrics of the FFNN model with 70 epochs for the identification of the accessed places in the smart environment: (a) loss and (b) accuracy.
    Results of the classification of new data using the designed FFNN model for three different conditions: (a) two persons at home, (b) one person at home, and (c) no person at home.
    Fig. 11. Results of the classification of new data using the designed FFNN model for three different conditions: (a) two persons at home, (b) one person at home, and (c) no person at home.
    CombinationP1P2P3P4P5P6
    1100000
    2010000
    3001000
    4000100
    5000010
    6000001
    7110000
    8101000
    9100100
    10100010
    11100001
    12011000
    13010100
    14010010
    15010001
    16001100
    17001010
    18001001
    19000110
    20000101
    21000011
    22111000
    23011100
    24001110
    25000111
    Table 1. Combination of the Multiple Simultaneous Disturbances in Protocol 1 (Disturbance Classification)
    CombinationP1P2P3P4P5P6
    11000000
    22000000
    30100000
    40200000
    50010000
    60020000
    70001000
    80002000
    90000100
    100000200
    1110010000
    1210020000
    1310030000
    1410000100
    1510000200
    1610000300
    1720010000
    1830010000
    1900100100
    2000100200
    2100100300
    Table 2. Combination of Different and Simultaneous Weights in Protocol 2 (Force Regression in Newtons)
    Ref.AlgorithmOFSAccuracy
    [36]ANNOFDR94.00%
    [37]SVMΦ-OTDR94.17%
    [38]CNNΦ-OTDR96.67%
    [39]CNN-LSTMMZI97.00%
    This paperFFNNTRA99.43%
    Table 3. Comparison of Outcomes Using Different Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Events in Distributed Sensing
    Letícia Avellar, Anselmo Frizera, Helder Rocha, Mariana Silveira, Camilo Díaz, Wilfried Blanc, Carlos Marques, Arnaldo Leal-Junior. Machine learning-based analysis of multiple simultaneous disturbances applied on a transmission-reflection analysis based distributed sensor using a nanoparticle-doped fiber[J]. Photonics Research, 2023, 11(3): 364
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