Author Affiliations
1School of Computer Science, North China Institute of Science and Technology (National Safety Training Center of Coal Mines), Beijing 101601, China2School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China3Nanjing University High-Tech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. High frequency keyword spectrum of rock and soil mass deformation monitoring
Fig. 2. Typical classification of DFOS
[4] Fig. 3. Measuring principle of FBG technology
[16] Fig. 4. Geotextiles embedded with nylon fiber optic
[20] Fig. 5. Measurement principle of BOTDR technology
[22] Fig. 6. Measurement principle of BOTDA technology
[26] Fig. 7. Measurement principle of BOFDA technology
[28] Fig. 8. Measurement principle of DAS technology
[31] Fig. 9. Principle of temperature self-compensation sensor
[36] Fig. 10. Refer to the fiber optic supplement method for fiber optic layout
[18] Fig. 11. BOTDR temperature-compensating fiber optic layout
[40] Fig. 12. Coupling process model of fiber-sand
[45] Fig. 13. Controlled pressure cable-rock and soil mass coupling test device
[46] Fig. 14. Attachment type layout technology. (a) Anchorage bolt and steel structure sticking arrangement method; (b) PHC pile grooves and concrete pre-embedded placement method
[48] Fig. 15. Embedded layout technology. (a) Excavation trench layout method; (b) borehole implantable layout method
Fig. 16. Slope engineering monitoring system based on fiber optic sensing technology
[57] Fig. 17. Flow chart of combined prediction model
[59] Fig. 18. Volute fiber optic layout scheme
[62] Fig. 19. Practical application of fiber optic sensing in tunnel
[65] Fig. 20. Monitoring type of shield tunnel
[66] Fig. 21. Subgrade collapse monitoring
[71] Fig. 22. Pipeline structure state monitoring and evaluation process
[72] Fig. 23. Fiber optic monitoring layout scheme for buried pipeline
[74] Fig. 24. Railway engineering monitoring scheme integrating DAS and AI
[78] Sensor | Monitoring content | Parameter index |
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FBG(string) | | Structural internal forceStructural strainTemperature measurement | Size: 0.25 mm×10 mmSpacing: 20 mmPrecision: 1 με,0.1 ℃ | Micro FBGpressure sensor | | Soil pressure | Size: 40 mm×16 mmRange: 200-3000 kPaPrecision: 0.1%F.S.Wavelength: 1528-1568 nmReflectivity: ≥90 | Micro FBG displacement sensor | | Compression of soil Structural displacement Soil settlement gage | Size: 6 mm×170 mmRange: 10-150 mmPrecision: 0.1%F.S.Resolution: 0.05%F.S.Wavelength: 1510-1590 nmReflectivity: ≥90 | FBG temperature sensor | | Temperature measurement | Range: -40-200 ℃Resolution: 0.1 ℃Wavelength: 1510-1590 nmReflectivity: ≥90 |
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Table 1. Mini FBG sensor performance parameters
Fiber optic sensing technology | Measurement distance | Strain measurement range | Measurement precision | Space resolution | Measurement time | Commercialized products |
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Device | Parameters |
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FBG | Series length | -3000-+5000 με | 1 με/0.1 ℃ | - | 1-60 s | NZS-FBG-A03 | Wavelength range:1528-1568 nmWavelength resolution: 1 pmRepeatability: ±2 pmDemodulation speed: ≥1 HzDynamic range: 45 dBWorking temperature: -5-45 ℃ | OTDR | 256 km | - | - | 0.1 m | 1-5 s | FOT-100 | Pulse width: S/A 5 ns-10 μs, S/B 5 ns-20 μs, MM-A: S/A 5 ns-1 μsDistance resolution: 0.1 mLoss resolution: 0.001 dB | BOTDR | 80 km | -15000-+15000 με | 30 με/1 ℃ | 0.5 m | 5 min | AV6419 | Space resolution: 1 mSampling resolution: 0.05 mFrequency scan range: 9.9-12 GHzDemodulation repeatability: ±10 με | BOTDA | 30 km | -15000-+15000 με | 7 με/0.3 ℃ | 0.02 m | 10 min | RP 1000 | Space resolution: 0.02 mFrequency scan range: 10-13 GHzStrain testrepeatability: <±4 μεSampling resolution: 0.01 m | BOFDA | 50 km | -15000-+15000 με | 2 με/0.1 ℃ | 0.2 m | 3 min | fTB2505 | Space resolution: 0.2 mFrequency scan range: 9.9-13 GHzStrain testrepeatability: <±4 μεSampling resolution: 0.05 m | DAS | 50 km | - | - | 2-10 m | - | MS-DAS | Sampling resolution: 0.1 mFrequency scan range: 0-50 kHzSensitivity: <0.05 nε@5-100 HzTiming accuracy: 1 μsWorking temperature: 0-40 ℃ |
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Table 2. Comparison of several typical fiber optic technical parameters and technical indicators of main commercial equipment