With the in-depth promotion of various complex key projects in China, engineering safety has attracted more and more attention. However, deformation monitoring of rock and soil mass is one of the essential means to ensure engineering safety. Compared with traditional rock and soil deformation monitoring technologies such as electromagnetic method, acoustic emission, theodolite, level gauge, displacement gauge, and strain gauge, distributed fiber optic sensing technology has the advantages of real-time, high precision, full distribution, long-distance, and anti-interference. It has become the focus of the research and application field of rock and soil deformation monitoring. This paper summarizes the application status of fiber optic sensing technology in rock and soil deformation monitoring, the principles and application scenes of several typical distributed fiber optic sensing technologies are introduced, the critical problems of fiber optic sensing technology in rock and soil deformation monitoring are discussed, and the application achievements and challenges of fiber optic sensing technology in slope, water conservancy, tunnel, pipeline, railway, land subsidence, and collapse monitoring are analyzed. Finally, the problems and solutions of fiber optic sensing technology in rock and soil deformation monitoring have been prospected.