Ruixue Yin, Yuhang Yang, Linsong Hou, Heming Wei, Hongbo Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, "Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips," Photonics Res. 12, 2474 (2024)

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- Photonics Research
- Vol. 12, Issue 11, 2474 (2024)

Fig. 1. (a) Concept diagram of a triaxial force sensor integrated into a medical guidewire for contact force monitoring. (b) Cross-sectional view of the designed triaxial force sensor integrated into the guidewire tip. (c) Sensor and guidewire integration process. (d) Force-induced deformation of circular diaphragm and schematic diagram of optical interference in a single FPI microcavity.

Fig. 2. Three-axis force decoupling model. (a) Sensor indication when the directional force F z acts. (b) Sensor indication when the radial force F x acts. (c) Space force resolution indication. (d) Microluminal and microcolumn position indication.

Fig. 3. (a) Deformation results of the sensor film when axial force (F = 0.5 N ) is applied to the sensor tip with different film thicknesses. (b) Deformation results of the sensor film when axial force (F = 0.5 N ) is applied to the sensor tip of micropillars with different diameters. (c) Displacements of various points along the central axis of the diaphragm’s lower surface under different forces. (d) Relationship between diaphragm center displacement and force.

Fig. 4. (a) Diaphragm displacement against applied force F z . (b) Diaphragm displacement against applied force F n . (c) Waveform offset plot. (d) Peak wavelength versus applied force.

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the principle of two-photon 3D printing. (b) SEM image of the actual TPP of the designed sensor. (c) Steps for integrating the designed sensor and guidewire.

Fig. 6. Force measurement system schematic.

Fig. 7. (a) Spectral changes in the four interference cavities when the sensor is subjected to axial stress. (b) Relationship between the spectral displacement and force of the four interference cavities when an axial force is applied. (c) Spectral changes of the four interference cavities when the sensor is acted upon by a 45° spatial force. (d) Relationship between the spectral displacement and the force of the four interference cavities when a 45° spatial force is applied. (e) Verification of the spectral shift characteristics of a single cavity length of the sensor when force is applied and released. (f) Repeat test results.

Fig. 8. (a) Relationship between the wavelength shifts of each interference cavity under the action of axial force F z . (b) Relationship between the wavelength shifts of each interference cavity under the action of radial force F x .
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Table 1. Detailed Parameters of the Components of the Sensor
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Table 2. Sensor Force Measurement Error Statistics
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Table 3. Sensor Performance
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Table 4. Comparison of Force Sensors for Minimally Invasive Surgeries

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