• Photonics Research
  • Vol. 12, Issue 11, 2474 (2024)
Ruixue Yin1,2,†, Yuhang Yang1,†, Linsong Hou3, Heming Wei3,*..., Hongbo Zhang1 and Wenjun Zhang4|Show fewer author(s)
Author Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Detection, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
  • 2National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
  • 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
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    DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.525651 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Ruixue Yin, Yuhang Yang, Linsong Hou, Heming Wei, Hongbo Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, "Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips," Photonics Res. 12, 2474 (2024) Copy Citation Text show less

    Abstract

    The demand for real-time feedback and miniaturization of sensing elements is a crucial issue in the treating vascular diseases with minimally invasive interventions. Here, Fabry–Perot microcavities fabricated via direct laser writing using a two-photon polymerization technique on fiber tips are proposed, designed, simulated, and experimentally demonstrated as a miniature triaxial force sensor for monitoring real-time interactions between the tip of a guidewire and human blood vessels and tissues during minimally invasive surgeries. The sensor contains four fiber tip-based Fabry–Perot cavities, which can be seamlessly integrated into medical guidewires and achieves three-axis force decoupling through symmetrically arranged flexible structures. The results showed that the proposed sensor achieved a cross-sectional diameter of 890 μm and a high sensitivity of about 85.16 nm/N within a range of 0 to 0.5 N with a resolution of hundreds of micro-Newtons. The proposed triaxial force sensor exhibits high resolution, good biocompatibility, and electromagnetic compatibility, which can be utilized as an efficient monitoring tool integrated into minimally invasive surgical intervention devices for biomedical applications.
    ωP=3P(1μ2)16Eh3R4,

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    I=I1+I2+2I1I2cos(Δφ+φ0),

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    Δφ=4πnlλ,

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    4πnlλm+φ0=(2m+1)π,

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    λm=4nl2m+1.

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    Δλ=4nΔl2m+1,

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    Δll=Δλmλm.

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    tanθ(z)=IxyIy,

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    Δx1=0lFxzRcosθ(z)EIy(z)dz=FxKx1,

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    Δx2=0lFxzRsinθ(z)EIx(z)dz=FxKx2.

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    θ=arctan0lFxzRsinθ(z)EIx(z)dz0lFxzRcosθ(z)EIy(z)dz.

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    {Δx1=Δx3=0lFxzRcos(θ(z)θ)EIy(z)dz0lFxzREIy(z)dzΔx2=Δx4=0lFxzRsin(θ(z)θ)EIx(z)dz0.

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    {Δy1=Δy30Δy2=Δy40lFyzREIx(z)dz,

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    Δz1=Δz2=Δz3=Δz4=0lFzEA(z)dz=FzKz,

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    ε=Δll,σ=εE.

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    {ΔLx1=ΔLx30lFxzRlIy(z)×3(1μ2)16Eh3r4dzΔLx2=ΔLx40,

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    {ΔLy1=ΔLy30ΔLy2=ΔLy40lFyzRlIx(z)×3(1μ2)16Eh3r4dz.

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    ΔLz1=ΔLz2=ΔLz3=ΔLz4=0lFzlA(z)×3(1μ2)16Eh3r4dz.

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    {Fx=FsinβcosαFy=FsinβsinαFz=Fcosβ.

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    ΔLi=ΔLxi+ΔLyi+ΔLzi.

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    Δλiλi=ΔLiL,

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    Si=ΔλiΔλT,

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    [S1S3S2S4Si]=[Kx000Ky000Kz][FxFyFz].

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    {Kx=2λi0l3Fxz(1μ2)Rr416lEh3Iy(z)dzLKy=2λi0l3Fyz(1μ2)Rr416lEh3Ix(z)dzLKz=4λi0l3Fz(1μ2)r416lEh3A(z)dzL.

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    [S1S3S2S4Si]=[231.902.8589.642.85231.9089.6418.2016.47339.70][FxFyFz].

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    Ruixue Yin, Yuhang Yang, Linsong Hou, Heming Wei, Hongbo Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, "Two-photon 3D printed fiber-optic Fabry–Perot probe for triaxial contact force detection of guidewire tips," Photonics Res. 12, 2474 (2024)
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