Fig. 1. Illustration of various GO precursors reduced by laser scrbing. (a) The preparative procedure of LSG microcircuit on GO film. (b–c) Optical microscopy images of laser patterned microcircuit; Scale bars, 10 μm. (d) Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of LSG microcircuit on GO film, the height profile along the white line (L2), and its 3D image. (e) Survey X-ray photoelectron spectra of GO and LSG. Inset is a photograph of a LSG square on a GO film. (f) C1s x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of GO and LSG. (g) The experimental setup of pulsed laser reduction system. The inset is optical images of GO solution (15 mL 0,1 mg/mL) before (i) and after (ii) pulsed laser irradiation. (h) Schematic illustration of the GO aerogel treated by laser for the preparation of graphene bulks. Figures reproduced with permission from: (a–e) ref.³³ and (g) ref.⁴³, Elsevier; (h) ref.⁴⁵, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of laser patterning on polyimide (PI). (b–c) SEM image of LSG on the PI substrate (b) with scale bar 1 mm and its enlarged SEM image with scale bar 10 μm (c). Inset is the corresponding SEM image with higher magnification, scale bar 1 μm. (d–e) Raman spectrum (d) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (e) of a LSG and the PI film. (f) A photo of LSG on pine wood. (g) The letter “R” in LSG induced from bread. (h) Picture of LSG patterned into an “R” on a coconut (2 cm tall). (i–j) LSG on cloth in the shape of an owl (60 mm in height) (i) and the wrapped cloth (j). Figure reproduced with permission from: (a–e) ref.⁴⁸, Springer Nature; (f) ref.⁵², John Wiley and Sons; (g–j) ref.⁵³, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of LSG based supercapacitors with sandwiched structures. (b) Schematic diagram of the preparation process for an in-plane LSG supercapacitor. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.⁶⁹ , AAAS; (b) ref.⁷⁰ , Springer Nature.

Fig. 4. (a) Synthetic scheme for the preparation of boron-doped LSG and its fabrication of supercapacitor. (b) The B1s spectrum of XPS spectra of PI/H₃BO₃ sheet and boron-doped LSG. (c–d) Cyclic voltammetry curves (c) and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves (d) of LSG SC and boron-doped LSG SC with different H₃BO₃ loadings. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.⁷² , American Chemical Society.

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic showing the insertion of CNTs between GO layers to effectively inhibit the restacking and the fabrication process for the flexible supercapacitor (LSG/CNTs SC). (b) Digital photographs of an assembled SC. (d–e) Cyclic voltammetry curves (d), charge-discharge curves (e) and for LSG SCs, LSG/CNTs SCs with different diameters. (f) Schematic illustration and photos of fabrication of LSG/Au supercapacitors onto a paper substrate. (g) The SEM image of LSG/Au microelectrodes. (h–i) Comparison of electrochemical performances of both the LSG/Au SCs and LSG SCs: cyclic voltammetry curves (h) and galvanostatic charge/discharge curves (i). Figure reproduced with permission from: (a–e) ref.⁷³, Elsevier; (f–i) ref.⁷¹, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of a high-voltage planar SC based on laser scribed graphene. (b) Schematic illustration and the related strain property of the kirigami-inspired electrodes with different geometric unit numbers (scale bar 1 cm). (c) Illustration of stacked LSG-SCs in series and parallel circuits and its structure. (d) Schematic diagram of the direct laser reduction of GO fiber for the bamboo-like series of GO-LSG fiber. (e) Bio-inspired fractal electrode design of Hilbert fractal structures. (f) Schematic structure of the Hilbert fractal electrode supercapacitor. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.⁷⁴, American Chemical Society; (b) ref.⁹⁶, Springer Nature; (c) ref.³⁴, American Chemical Society; (d) ref.⁹⁸, Royal Society of Chemistry; (e−f) ref.⁷⁵, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 7. Schematic and structural illustration of LSG/Ni-CAT MOF. (a) An in-plane interdigital LSG pattern. (b) Solvothermal growth of Ni-CAT MOF nanorods. (c) Structure of LSG/Ni-CAT MOF. (d) SEM images of LSG and LSG/Ni-CAT MOFs, respectively. (e) Cyclic voltammetry comparison of bare LSG and LSG/Ni-CAT MOF. (f) Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of bare LSG and LSG/Ni-CAT MOF. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.³⁵, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 8. (a) Schematic illustration of the deposition process of laser-oxidized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles anchored on porous laser scribed graphene by direct laser writing technique. (b–c) SEM images of (b) 3D porous LSG and (c) 3D LSG/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle composite. (d) CV curves of LSG/Fe₃O₄-X at 5 mV·s⁻¹ (e) GCD profiles of LSG/Fe₃O₄-X at 1 mA·cm⁻² . Figure reproduced with permission from ref.⁷⁷, Elsevier.

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic of the fabrication steps for the LSG supercapacitor on textile. (b) CV measurements on LSG supercapacitors without encapsulation under different stretchable conditions for a scan rate of 5 V·s⁻¹. (c) Capacitance retention under the maximum stretchable condition of 200% along the uniaxial direction for a scan rate of 5 V·s⁻¹. Figure reproduced with permission from ref.¹¹², under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 10. (a) Schematic of experimental setup using a 405 nm laser in SEM. (b) Fabrication of integrated micro-supercapacitors on a GO film using fs laser processing. (c–d) LSG electrode arrays maintain high resolution with a spacing of ~2 μm. (e–f) CV profiles of fs MSC with the interelectrode spacing of (e) 2 μm and (f) 550 μm. (g) Two-photon-induced 3D graphene micro-supercapacitor using a fs laser. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.¹¹⁷ and (b–f) ref.⁸⁰, American Chemical Society; (g) ref.⁸¹, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of the integrated energy storage with silicon solar cells. (b) Schematic illustration of the self-powered photodetection system including a commercial solar panel, a SC, and a ZnO-based photodetector. (c) Self-discharge curve of the SC after being charged by the solar panel for 1 minute. (d) Photocurrent curves of the photodetector driven by the SC. (e) Schematic illustration for the fabrication of a wireless charging and storage integrated device. (f) Potential change of the integrated SC charged by the wireless circuit placed on a commercial wireless charger. (g) Serially connected thermally chargeable SC modules whose ends are colored in black and silvery-white to create temperature differences under solar radiation. (h) The steady-state voltage of 8 thermally chargeable SC modules as a function of ΔT. Figure reproduced with permission from: (a) ref.¹²², AIP Publishing; (b–d) ref.¹²⁴, Elsevier; (e, f) ref.⁵⁷, American Chemical Society; (g, h) ref.¹²⁵, Elsevier.

Table 1. The performances of laser scribed graphene based supercapacitors