A molybdenum cladding layer was prepared by laser cladding technology with a preset powder to improve the comprehensive properties of Nb alloy. The microstructure, crack rate, hardness, and wear resistance of the laser cladding layer with different energy densities were analyzed using a metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, microhardness tester, and friction and wear tester. The findings show that when the energy density was 6.67 J/mm², the surface of the cladding layer was smooth and the weld path was regular and continuous. The hardness of the cladding layer increased from 420 HV_0.05 to 480 HV_0.05 when the energy density was increased from 5.56 J/mm² to 8.90 J/mm², while the wear rate decreased from 12.24×10^-3 mg/m to 7.59×10^-3 mg/m, showing a 38% decrease. The phase of the cladding layer was mainly a Nb-Mo solid solution, with a Mo content of up to 22.3%. After 5 h of corrosion with 10% HF acid, no grain boundaries of the cladding layer were found, and the corrosion resistance of the cladding layer to HF acid showed significant improvement. In conclusion, the comprehensive performance of the niobium alloy can be improved by preparing a molybdenum cladding layer by laser cladding.