The transfer matrix method is used to study the optical transport process in a terahertz frequency region in grapheme-containing multilayer dielectric structures. In the multilayer structures, the optical absorption exhibits as multiple absorption peaks, and the position of these peaks depends on the incident frequency, incident angle and graphene chemical potential. With the increase of the graphene chemical potential and the layer number of the graphene, the absorptivity increases and the imaginary part of the graphene conductivity increases, and the position of the absorption peak shifts blue. The periodic absorption peak occurs under the condition that the reflected light interference is cancelled, and can be understood by the phase difference between the two main reflected lights. Therefore, the chemical potential and energy level broadening factor parameters of the graphene can be given based on the position and intensity of the graphene absorption peak in the light transmission. The parameter conditions related to the graphene materials which can improve the absorptivity of graphene and reduce the transmittance are given.