Author Affiliations
1College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China2State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China3Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of energy level transition of mid-infrared rare-earth-doped ions
[26] Fig. 2. Structural diagram of passively cooled all-fiber laser cavity based on fiber Bragg gratings etched in core
[43] Fig. 3. Experimental setup of monolithic dual-wavelength pumped Er
3+∶ZrF
4 fiber laser
[45] Fig. 4. Structural diagram of 41.6 W fluoride fiber laser
[22] Fig. 5. Structural diagram of Ce
3+-doped chalcogenide based mid-infrared fiber laser
[57] Fig. 6. Structural diagram of black phosphorus
Q-switched and mode-locked Er
3+∶ZBLAN fiber laser
[83] Fig. 7. Experimental setup of mode-locked Er
3+-doped linear cavity fiber laser
[107] Fig. 8. Structural diagram of 3 μm femtosecond fiber laser
[109] Fig. 9. Structural diagram of three-stage fiber laser system
[114] Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of Raman effect
Fig. 11. Experimental setup of As
2S
3-based 3.77 μm cascaded Raman fiber laser
[130] Fig. 12. Structural diagram for InF
3 and As
2S
3fiber cascaded supercontinuum laser
[151] Fig. 13. Structural diagram of mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in all-fiber Er
3+-doped ZBLAN fiber amplifier
[169] Fig. 14. Principle of fiber gas laser based on intrinsic absorption transition of acetylene. (a) Schematic diagram of energy level transition; (b) absorption spectrum
[184] Fig. 15. Experimental setup of acetylene-filled fiber gas laser based on hollow-core fiber
[176] Fig. 16. Experimental setup of ring cavity-based acetylene-filled fiber gas laser
[187] Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of carbon dioxide-filled fiber gas laser at wavelength of 4.3 μm
[191] Gase | Pumpwavelength /μm | Outputwavelength /μm | Pulseenergy /nJ | Averagepower /mW | Slopeefficiency | Year | Ref. |
---|
C2H2 | 1.52 | 3.12, 3.16 | 6 | | <1% | 2011 | [176] | C2H2 | 1.53 | 3.12, 3.16 | 760 | | 30% | 2014 | [186] | C2H2 | 1.53 | 3.12, 3.16 | | 1120 | 33% | 2017 | [188] | C2H2 | 1.530--1.535 | 3.09--3.21 | 600 | 770 | 16% (pulsed)13% (continuous wave) | 2018 | [189] | N2O | 1.517 | 4.6 | 76 | | 3% | 2019 | [190] | CO2 | 2 | 4.30, 4.39 | | 82 | 19.3% | 2019 | [191] | HBr | 1.97 | 3.98, 4.17 | | 125 | 10% | 2020 | [192] |
|
Table 1. 0 Progress of mid-infrared fiber gas laser based on intrinsic absorption transition
Fiber | Pumpwavelength /nm | Outputwavelength /μm | Outputpower /W | Laser slopeefficiency /% | Year | Ref. |
---|
Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 640 | 2.83--2.95 | 0.0126 | 2.9%--4.4% | 1990 | [27] | Er3+∶ZBLAN (77 K) | 653 | 3.41--3.48 | 0.0085 | 3% | 1991 | [28] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 655 | 3.48 | 0.0085 | 2.8% | 1992 | [29] | Ho3+∶ZBLA | 640 | 3.9 | 0.001 | 1.5% | 1995 | [30] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN (77 K) | 890 | 3.9 | 0.011 | | 1997 | [31] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 532 | 3.22 | 0.011 | 2.8% | 1998 | [32] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 890 | 2.93 | 0.09 | 52% | 1998 | [33] | Dy3+∶ ZBLAN | 1100 | 2.9 | 0.275 | 4.5% | 2003 | [34] | Ho3+/Pr3+∶ZBLAN | 1100 | 2.86 | 2.5 | 29% | 2004 | [24] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 1300 | 2.96 | 0.18 | 20% | 2006 | [36] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 1175 | 2.95 | 0.65 | 43%(optical to optical) | 2006 | [37] | Ho3+/Pr3+∶ZBLAN | 1150 | 2.94 | 2.5 | 32% | 2009 | [35] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 975 | 2.8 | 24 | 14.5%(optical to optical) | 2009 | [38] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 976 | 2.824 | 5 | 32%(optical to optical) | 2009 | [39] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 976 | 2.94 | 5.2 | 26.6% | 2009 | [40] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 975 | 2.77--2.88 | 8--11 | 12.2% | 2010 | [58] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 976 | 2.824 | 20.6 | 35.4% | 2011 | [41] | Ho3+∶ZBLAN | 1150 | 3.002 | 0.77 | 12.4% | 2011 | [42] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 985, 1973 | 3.5 | 0.26 | 16%(optical to optical) | 2014 | [23] | Ho3+/Pr3+∶ZBLAN | 1150 | 2.825--2.975 | 7 | 29% | 2015 | [59] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 980 | 2.938 | 30.5 | 16%(optical to optical) | 2015 | [43] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 974, 1976 | 3.44 | 1.5 | 19% | 2016 | [60] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 980, 1973 | 3.33--3.78 | 1.45@3.47 μm | 27% | 2016 | [44] | Dy3+∶ZBLAN | 2800 | 3.04 | 0.08 | 51% | 2016 | [61] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 976, 1976 | 3.55 | 5.6 | 26.4%(optical to optical) | 2017 | [45] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 970, 1973 | 3.52--3.68 | 0.62@3.68 μm | 25.14% | 2017 | [62] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 980 | 2.824 | 41.6 | 22.9%(optical to optical) | 2018 | [22] | Dy3+∶ZBLAN | 2830 | 3.15 | 1.06 | 73% | 2018 | [21] | Dy3+∶ZBLAN | 1700 | 2.8--3.4 | 0.17 | 21% | 2018 | [46] | Ho3+: InF3 | 888 | 3.92 | 0.2 | 10.2% | 2018 | [25] | Er3+∶ZBLAN | 976, 1976 | 3.42 | 3.4 | 38.6% | 2019 | [47] | Dy3+/Tm3+:ZBLAN | 800 | 3.23 | 0.2 | 91% | 2019 | [48] | Dy3+∶ZBLAN | 2830 | 3.24 | 10.1 | 58% | 2019 | [49] | Er3+∶ZrF4 | 655, 1981 | 3.46 | 1.72 | 31.5% | 2021 | [63] | Ho3+∶AlF3 | 1120 | 2.868 | 0.056 | 5.1% | 2018 | [64] | Ho3+/Pr3+∶AlF3 | 1150 | 2.866 | 0.173 | 10.4% | 2020 | [54] | Fe2+∶ZnSe in silica | 2940 | 4.12 | 0.0004 | 0.1% | 2020 | [55] | Ce3+∶chalcogenide | 4150 | 5.14, 5.17, 5.28 | | | 2021 | [57] |
|
Table 1. Progress of continuous wave rare-earth-doped mid-infrared fiber lasers
Wavelength /μm | Modulationsystem | Pulsewidth /μs | Pulseenergy /μJ | Repetitionfrequency /kHz | Averagepower /W | Peakpower /W | Year | Ref. |
---|
2.8 | Active:pulsed pump | 0.3 | 20 | 100 | 2 | 68 | 2011 | [68] | 2.8 | Active:AOM | 90 | 100 | 120 | 12 | 900 | 2011 | [69] | 2.8 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe | 0.37 | 2 | 161 | 0.3 | 5 | 2012 | [70] | 2.78 | Passive:graphene | 2.9 | 1.67 | 37 | 0.062 | 5.8 | 2013 | [71] | 2.8 | Passive:graphene | 0.4 | 6.4 | 59 | 0.38 | 16 | 2013 | [72] | 2.79 | Passive:graphene | 2.1 | 24 | 41.2 | 1 | 11.4 | 2014 | [73] | 2.8 | Passive:black phosphorus | 1.18 | 7.7 | 63 | 0.485 | 6.5 | 2015 | [74] | 2.78 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe film | 0.742 | 7.98 | 102.94 | 0.822 | 11 | 2016 | [75] | 2.786 | Passive:SESAM | 2.29 | 58.87 | 71.73 | 4.2 | 25.7 | 2016 | [76] | 2.78 | Active:gold mirror | 0.127 | 130 | 10 | 1.3 | 1020 | 2017 | [77] | 2.82 | Active:blazed grating | 0.092 | 150 | 10 | 1.5 | 1600 | 2017 | [77] | 2.76--2.85 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe | 1.89--0.4 | 27.7 | 43.8--243.2 | 5.16 | | 2017 | [78] | 2.78 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe | 0.52 | 3.81 | 127.46 | 0.486 | 7.3 | 2018 | [79] | 2.8 | Passive:SESAM | 1.3 | 8.19 | 88.6 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 2018 | [80] | 2.8 | Active:AOM | 0.056 | 46 | 10 | | 821 | 2020 | [81] | 2.8 | Passive:layered Ta2NiS5 | 1.2 | 1.64 | 102 | 0.168 | | 2021 | [82] | 3.46 | Passive:black phosphorus | 2.05 | 1.83 | 66.33 | 0.12 | 0.9 | 2018 | [83] | 3.4--3.7 | Gain-switched | 1.02 | 5.29 | 50 | 0.265 | | 2020 | [84] | 3.46 | Passive:SESAM | 2.47 | 1.4 | 58.71 | 0.063 | | 2021 | [85] |
|
Table 2. Progress of Er3+-doped Q-switched mid-infrared pulsed fiber lasers
Wavelength /μm | Modulationsystem | Pulsewidth /μs | Pulseenergy /μJ | Repetitionfrequency /kHz | Averagepower /W | Peakpower /W | Year | Ref. |
---|
2.867 | Active: AOM | 0.078 | 6.06 | 40--300 | 0.72 | 77 | 2012 | [86] | 3.005 | Active: AOM | 0.38 | 29 | 25 | 0.725 | 79 | 2012 | [87] | 3.002 | Active:gain-switched | 0.35 | 21.7 | 30 | 0.65 | 62 | 2012 | [89] | 2.95--3.031 | Active: planardiffraction grating | 0.3--0.41 | 15 | 40 | 0.6 | 43 | 2013 | [88] | 2.93 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe | 0.82 | 0.45 | 104 | 0.047 | 0.55 | 2013 | [90] | 2.93 | Passive: graphene | 1.18 | 1.1 | 92 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 2013 | [90] | 2.97 | Passive: SESAM | 1.68 | 6.65 | 47.6 | 0.317 | 3.96 | 2014 | [91] | 2.919--3.004 | Passive:Fe2+∶ZnSe | 1.23--2.35 | 5.64 | 96.1--43.6 | 0.337 | 4.59 | 2015 | [92] | 2.979 | Passive: topologicalinsulator Bi2Te3 | 1.37 | 3.99 | 81.96 | 0.33 | 2.91 | 2015 | [93] | 2.97 | Passive:black phosphorus | 2.41 | 4.93 | 62.5 | 0.309 | 2.05 | 2016 | [94] | 2865.7 | Passive: WS2 | 0.0017 | 0.37 | 131.6 | 0.0484 | 210 | 2016 | [95] | 2865 | Passive:antimonene | 1.74 | 0.72 | 156.2 | 0.112 | 0.41 | 2018 | [96] | 2.92--2.96 | Self Q-switched | 1.54 | 0.0047 | 67.8 | 0.0032 | 0.003 | 2018 | [97] | 2.866 | Passive:Carbon nanotube | 1.21 | 0.36 | 178.6 | 63.4 | 0.296 | 2019 | [98] | 2.8 | Passive:MXene ( Ti3C2Tx) | 1.04 | 13.93 | 78.12 | 1.09 | 13.4 | 2020 | [99] | 2.92 | Gain-switched | 0.28 | 0.22 | 10 | 0.054 | 0.2 | 2020 | [100] |
|
Table 3. Progress of Ho3+-doped Q-switched mid-infrared pulsed fiber lasers
Wavelength /μm | Modulation system | Pulsewidth /μs | Pulseenergy /μJ | Repetitionfrequency /kHz | Averagepower /W | Peakpower /W | Year | Ref. |
---|
2.71--3.08 | Passive: PbSnanoparticles | 0.795 | 1.51 | 166.8 | 0.253 | 1.9 | 2019 | [101] | 2.800--3.095 | Active:gain-switched | 0.53 | 2.73 | 80 | 0.219 | 5.15 | 2019 | [102] | 2.97--3.23 | Active: AOM | 0.27 | 12 | 20--100 | 0.125 | 39 | 2019 | [103] | 2.812--3.031 | Passive: Fe3O4nanoparticles | 1.25 | 0.9 | 123 | 0.111 | 0.72 | 2019 | [104] |
|
Table 4. Progress of Dy3+-doped Q-switched fiber lasers
Kind ofdoped ion | Wavelength /μm | Modulationsystem | Pulsewidth /ps | Pulseenergy /nJ | Repetitionfrequency /MHz | Averagepower /mW | Peakpower /kW | Year | Ref. |
---|
| 2.8 | Fe2+∶ZnSe | 19 | 0.93 | 50 | 0.051 | 0.049 | 2012 | [106] | | 2.797 | SESAM | 60 | 8.5 | 51.75 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 2014 | [107] | | 2.8 | SESAM | 25 | 44.3 | 22.56 | 1.05 | 1.86 | 2015 | [108] | | 2.8 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.207 | 0.8 | 55.2 | 0.044 | 3.5 | 2015 | [109] | | 2.8 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.497 | 3.62 | 56.7 | 0.206 | 6.4 | 2015 | [110] | | 2.8 | Blackphosphorus | 42 | 25.5 | 24 | 0.613 | 0.608 | 2016 | [111] | Er3+ | 2.784 | Graphene | 42 | 0.7 | 25.4 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 2016 | [122] | | 3.489 | Blackphosphorus | 34600 | 1.3 | 28.91 | 0.04 | | 2018 | [83] | | 2.8 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.215 | 9.3 | 75.5 | | 43.3 | 2019 | [112] | | 2.8 | WSe2 | 21 | 8.4 | 42.43 | 360 | 0.4 | 2020 | [113] | | 2.8 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.131 | 3 | 107 | 317 | 27 | 2020 | [123] | | 2.8 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.126 to0.016 | 10 | 42.1 | | 80 | 2020 | [114] | | 3.400--3.612 | Acousto-optictunable filter | 53 | 1.38 | 36.23 | 0.208 | 0.026 | 2019 | [115] | | 2.87 | GaAs | 24 | 4.9 | 27.1 | 132 | 0.2 | 2012 | [116] | | 2.86 | InAs | 6 | 2.79 | 24.8 | 69 | 0.465 | 2014 | [117] | Ho3+ | 2.83 | Bi2Te3 | 6 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 90 | 1.43 | 2015 | [118] | | 2.876 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.18 | 7.6 | 43.1 | 327 | 37 | 2016 | [119] | Dy3+ | 2.97--3.30 | Frequency shiftedfeedback | 33 | 2.7 | 89 | 120 | 0.082 | 2018 | [120] | | 3.1 | Nonlinear polarizationevolution | 0.828 | 4.8 | 60 | 204 | 4.2 | 2019 | [121] |
|
Table 5. Progress of mode-locked mid-infrared fiber lasers
Fiber | Pumpwavelength /μm | Outputwavelength /μm | Output power /W | Conversionefficiency /% | Year | Ref. |
---|
As2S3 | 3.005 | 3.34 | 0.6 | 39 | 2013 | [129] | As2S3 | 3.005 | 3.340 and 3.766 | 0.112 | 8.3 | 2014 | [130] | Tellurite fiber | 2.8 | 3--5 | 10 | 35(2nd) | 2015 | [131] | Tellurite fiber | 2 | 2--5 | 45.2@3.64 μm | 45.2 | 2017 | [137] |
|
Table 6. Progress of mid-infrared Raman fiber lasers
Fiber material | Pumpwavelength /μm | Outputwavelength /μm | Averagepower /W | Conversionefficiency % | Year | Ref. |
---|
| 1.55 | 0.8--4.0 | 10.5 | 50 | 2009 | [143] | | 1.96 | 1.9--4.3 | 13 | 20 | 2014 | [157] | | 1.96 | 1.9--3.8 | 21.8 | 17 | 2014 | [158] | ZBLAN | 1.95 | 1.9--4.1 | 10.7 | | 2016 | [159] | | 2.0--2.7 | 1.90--4.25 | 15.2 | 50.5 | 2017 | [160] | | 1.9--2.6 | 1.90--3.35 | 30 | 69 | 2019 | [144] | | 1.9--2.6 | 1.92--4.29 | 20.6 | 54.3 | 2020 | [145] | | 1.98 | 0.95--3.93 | 10.4 | 65 | 2018 | [161] | Fluorotellurite | 1.98 | 1.0--3.8 | 19.6 | 60 | 2019 | [162] | | 1.93--2.50 | 0.93--3.95 | 22.7 | 57.2 | 2020 | [146] | | 2.6--3.1 | 2.4--5.4 | 0.008 | | 2016 | [147] | | 2.02 | 1.90--5.25 | | | 2016 | [163] | | 1.95 | 0.75--5.10 | 1.76 | | 2018 | [164] | InF3 | 1.96 | 1.90--4.65 | 3 | 60 | 2019 | [165] | | 2 | 2.0--4.7 | 7 | | 2020 | [166] | | 1.96 | 0.8--4.7 | 11.3 | 66.5 | 2019 | [167] | | 1.9--2.6 | 1.9--4.9 | 11.8 | 64.4 | 2020 | [148] | ZBLAN, As2S3, As2Se3 | 1.56 | 1.5--10.5 | 0.086 | | 2021 | [149] | ZBLAN, As2S3 | 1.55 | 2.0--6.5 | 1.13 | | 2021 | [150] | InF3, As2S3 | 1.9--2.7 | 2.00--5.58 | 0.067 | 19.1 | 2021 | [151] |
|
Table 7. Progress of mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source based on non-doped fiber
Pump wavelength /μm | Output wavelength /μm | Average power /W | Slope efficiency | Year | Ref. |
---|
2.75 | 2.6~4.1 | 0.15 | 4.5% (conversion efficiency) | 2015 | [168] | 2.8 | 2.7~4.2 | 0.49 | 28.7% | 2018 | [170] | 2.2~3.1 | 2.70~4.25 | 1.75 | 20.5% | 2018 | [171] | 3.0~4.2 | 3~8 | 0.002 | | 2016 | [172] | 2.4~3.2 | 2.8~3.9 | 0.41 | 7.1% | 2018 | [173] | 2.0~3.5 | 2.7~4.2 | 4.96 | 17.2% | 2020 | [169] |
|
Table 8. Progress of mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source based on ion-doped ZBLAN fiber
Gase | Pumpwavelength /μm | OutputWavelength /μm | Output power | Quantumefficiency /% | Year | Ref. |
---|
H2 | 1.56 | 4.4 | 0.6 kW (peak) | 15% | 2017 | [177] | CH4 | 1.064 | 2.8 | 9.5 MW (peak) | 40% | 2018 | [178] | CH4-cascade | 1.064 | 2.8 | 51.2 mW (average) | 65% | 2018 | [179] | H2, D2 | 1.56 | 2.9, 3.3, 3.5 | 0.25 kW (peak) | 10% (total) | 2018 | [180] | H2 | 1.56 | 4.42 | 1.4 W (average) | 53% | 2019 | [181] | D2-cascade | 1.56 | 2.86 | 8.5 mW (average) | 42% (2nd) | 2019 | [182] | H2 | 1.53 | 4.22 | 131 mW (average) | 74% | 2020 | [183] |
|
Table 9. Progress of mid-infrared fiber gas laser based on intrinsic absorption transition