Fig. 1. Schematic of lidar measurement
Fig. 2. Comparison of three scattering phase functions. (a) λ=10.07 μm, g=0.799; (b) λ=3.90 μm, g=0.690
Fig. 3. Multiple scattering transmission process
Fig. 4. Change of correction factor with visibility level
Fig. 5. Scattering reception probability of dust aerosols. (a) Proposed improved scattering phase function method; (b) traditional HG function method
Fig. 6. m(r) of Raman scattering phase function when visibility is at level Ⅳ
Fig. 7. Haze weather echo signal when visibility is at level Ⅳ. (a) Original power echo signal; (b) echo signal after range correction
Fig. 8. Relevant parameters of haze weather when visibility is at level Ⅳ. (a) Extinction coefficient profile; (b) atmospheric optical thickness profile
Fig. 9. Scattering reception probability of water-soluble aerosols. (a) Proposed improved scattering phase function method; (b) traditional HG function method
Fig. 10. m(r) of Raman scattering phase function when visibility is at level Ⅴ
Fig. 11. Heavy rain weather echo signal when visibility is at level Ⅳ. (a) Original power echo signal; (b) echo signal after range correction
Fig. 12. Relevant parameters of heavy rain weather when visibility is at level Ⅴ. (a) Extinction coefficient profile; (b) atmospheric optical thickness profile
Parameter | Content |
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Wavelength /nm | 532 | Number of simulated photons | 106 | Beam divergence angle /mrad | 0.3 | Receiver full FOV /mrad | 0.05 | Phase function | HG/RHG | Single scattering albedo | 1 | Max scattering order | 4 | Asymmetry factor g | 0.7990/0.690 |
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Table 1. Semi-analytical Monte Carlo simulation parameters
Visibility level | Visibility distance /km | Meteorology | Corresponds to visibility level /km |
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Ⅰ | <0.05 | Thick fog | V=0.1 | Ⅱ | 0.05‒0.2 | A moderate fog; Blizzard | V=0.1 | Ⅲ | 0.2‒0.8 | The fog; The heavy snow | V=0.5 | Ⅳ | 0.8‒1.2 | Moderate snow; Haze | V=1 | Ⅴ | 1.2‒2.5 | The mist; The heavy rain | V=2 | Ⅵ | 2.5‒4.5 | The frost; Light snow | V=4 | Ⅶ | 4.5‒10 | Gently fog | V=4 |
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Table 2. Ratio m(r) corresponding to different visibility levels