Fig. 1. Morphologies of CsPbBr₃ NCs synthesized at (a) 80 ℃, (b) 120 ℃ and (c) 140 ℃^[22]; (d) Variations of the PLQYs depending on the added amounts of ZnX₂ of CsPbBr3 NCs^[24]; (e) Spectra of white LED and (f) CIE color coordinates and color triangle based on CsPbBr₃ and CsPbBr_1.5I_1.5^[25]

Fig. 2. (a) TEM image of SiO₂-coating CsPbBr₃ NCs^[27]; (b) TEM image of SiO₂/CsPbBr₃ NCs with Janus structure; (c) Schematic of the whole formation process of CsPbBr₃/SiO₂ NCs with Janus structure^[29]; (d) Schematic of the two-step synthesis of CsPbX₃-zeolite-Y composites; Spectra change of white LEDs composed of (e) CsPb(Br,I)₃ perovskite QDs and (f) CsPb(Br,I)₃-zeolite-Y composites with increase of currents^[31]; (g) CIE color coordinate and color triangle of white LEDs based on mesoporous silica CsPbBr₃ NCs^[32]

Fig. 3. (a) Schematics showing the Al³⁺ doping in dimer form^[34]; Variety of (b) PL spectra and (c) PLQY of NCs with increase of doping ratio of Sn^2+[36]; Evolution of (d) EL spectra and (e) CIE color coordinates of white LEDs based on Mn²⁺-doping CsPb(Br/Cl)₃^[37]

Fig. 4. (a) Crystal structure, (b) PL and PLE spectra, (c) schematic configuration coordinate for the excited-state reorganization of Cs₃Cu₂I₅^[46]; (d) PL spectra of Cs₃Cu₂Cl₅ and CsCu₂Cl₃ synthesized at different temperatures^[39]; (e) Power-dependent PL spectra of Cs₄MnBi₂Cl₁₂; (f) Spectra of white LEDs based on Cs₄MnBi₂Cl₁₂^[40]

Fig. 5. (a) Crystal structure and (b) PL spectra excited under 310 nm of Pb²⁺-doped Cs₃Cu₂Br₅^[41]; (c) White-light PL spectra in Sb³⁺/Bⁱ³⁺-codoped Cs₂NaInCl₆^[42]; (d) Optical absorption and PL spectra of Cs₂AgInCl₆ and Cs₂Ag_0.6Na_0.4InCl₆^[43]; (e) PL spectra of Cs₂AgIn_0.6B_0.15La_0.25Cl₆ and Cs₂AgIn_0.8Bi_0.2Cl₆^[47]; (f) CIE color coordinates of Li⁺/K⁺ alloyed Cs₂AgBi_0.01In_0.99Cl₆^[48]

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic of band structure and (b) variety of EL spectra with the changes of blend ratio of white LED in CsPbBr_xCl_3−x/MEH:PPV as luminous layer^[50]; (c) Device structure, (d) EL spectrum, (e) current density-voltage and luminance-voltage curves, (f) EQE-current density and current efficiency-current density curves of white LEDs mixed with α/δ-CsPbI₃ emitting layers^[53]

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of CsCu₂I₃@Cs₃Cu₂I₅ composites; (b) Absorption and PL spectra of the CsCu₂I₃@Cs₃Cu₂I₅ composites with varied CsI/CuI molar ratios precursor^[54]; Time-resolved GIWAXS profiles of CsCu₂I₃/Cs₃Cu₂I₅ composites (c) without Tween and (d) with Tween; (e) EL spectra of the device under different voltages and (f) curve of EQE versus current density^[55] of white LED after CsCu₂I₃/Cs₃Cu₂I₅processed by Tween

Fig. 8. (a) Bit-error rates(BERs) at different data rates^[56]; (b) Typical schematic diagrams of VLC test system^[58]; (c) Electrical-optical-electrical frequency response and (d) received signal-to-noise ratio of white LEDs signal in VLC system based on ZrO₂/CsPbBr₃^[28]; (e) Frequency response of white LEDs at different current densities^[59]; (f) Constellation diagrams for white LEDs in VCL based on Cs₃Cu₂Cl₅ NCs^[60]

Table 1. Optimized technologies and device parameters of typical inorganic perovskite white LEDs