Fig. 1. Sub-module structure and logic framework of the forward model

Fig. 2. Spatiotemporal matching between CALIPSO and WRF data

Fig. 3. Optical properties and scattering phase functions of three types of particles. (a) Optical property of ice crystal; (b) scattering phase function of ice crystal; (c) optical property of liquid water particle; (d) scattering phase function of liquid water particle; (e) optical property of aerosol; (f) scattering phase function of aerosol

Fig. 4. Deep convection scene simulation. (a) WRF simulation area; (b) layered distribution of ice and cloud water mixing ratio

Fig. 5. Deep convection scene simulation. (a) Ice and water content; (b) backscattering coefficient; (c) attenuation coefficient; (d) attenuated backscattering coefficient; (e) simulation signal; (f) signal-to-noise ratio

Fig. 6. Ice cloud and aerosol scene simulation. (a) WRF simulation area; (b) layered distribution of ice water content and aerosol dry mass

Fig. 7. Ice cloud and aerosol scene simulation. (a) aerosol content and ice water content; (b) backscattering coefficient; (c) attenuation coefficient; (d) attenuated backscattering coefficient; (e) simulation signal; (f) signal-to-noise ratio

Fig. 8. Sensitivity analysis in aerosol scene. (a) Simulation signal; (b) signal-to-noise ratio

Fig. 9. Influence of three parameters on the SNR of simulation signal. (a) Influence of Z_sat on SNR; (b) influence of three Z_sat on SNR at different altitudes; (c) influence of three altitudes on SNR under different Z_sat; (d) influence of D_tel on SNR; (e) influence of three D_tel on SNR at different altitudes; (f) influence of three altitudes on SNR under different D_tel; (g) influence of E on SNR; (h) influence of three E on SNR at different altitudes; (i) influence of three altitudes on SNR under different E

Fig. 10. Influence of two PSD on simulation signal. (a) Simulation signal of Gamma PSD; (b) simulation signal of Modified Gamma PSD; (c) comparison of two PSD simulation signals at three different latitudes; (d) difference of PSD simulation signals at three different latitudes

Fig. 11. Comparison of attenuated backscattering coefficient. (a) Attenuated backscattering coefficient of CALIPSO Level 1 data; (b) ice water content of CALIPSO Level 2 data; (c) attenuated backscattering coefficient simulated by the forward model; (d) comparison of the average value between the Level 1 data and the simulated backscattering coefficient

Table 1. Parameters of hydrometeor and aerosol in WRF and WRF-CHEM

Table 2. Some important instrument parameters

Table 3. Spatial resolution of CALIPSO Level 1B data