Fig. 1. Morphology of TC4 alloy powder. (a) ×100; (b) ×500
Fig. 2. Renishaw RenAM 500M selective laser melting equipment
Fig. 3. Diagram of laser scanning strategy
Fig. 4. Metallography and relative densities of SLM TC4 alloy under 30 μm layer thickness. (a) Hatch spacing is 0.065 mm; (b) hatch spacing is 0.085 mm
Fig. 5. Metallography and relative densities of SLM TC4 alloy under 40 μm layer thickness. (a) Hatch spacing is 0.065 mm; (b) hatch spacing is 0.085 mm
Fig. 6. Microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy. (a) X/Y direction; (b) Z direction
Fig. 7. Metallographic photos of samples with different heat treatment parameters. (a) 650 ℃/2 h, X/Y direction; (b) 650 ℃/2 h, Z direction; (c) 750 ℃/2 h, X/Y direction; (d) 750 ℃/2 h, Z direction; (e) 850 ℃/2 h, X/Y direction; (f) 850 ℃/2 h, Z direction; (g) 950 ℃/2 h, X/Y direction; (h) 950 ℃/2 h, Z direction
Fig. 8. Tensile properties of TC4 alloy under different heat treatment parameters. (a) X/Y direction; (b) Z direction
Fig. 9. Macroscopic tensile fracture morphology of samples. (a) X/Y direction; (b) Z direction
Fig. 10. Microscopic tensile fracture morphology of samples. (a) X/Y direction; (b) Z direction
Element | Ti | Al | V | O | H | N |
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Mass fraction /% | balance | 6.02 | 4.02 | 0.069 | 0.0042 | 0.0038 | Element | Fe | C | Sn | Cu | Mn | Mo | Mass fraction /% | 0.062 | 0.0035 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 | <0.005 |
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Table 1. Chemical composition of TC4 alloy powder
Parameter types | Layer thickness /μm | Laser power /W | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Hatch spacing /mm |
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Value | 30 40 | 200 240 280 | 1500 1875 | 0.065 0.085 |
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Table 2. Process parameters of selective laser melting
No. | Temperature /℃ | Time /h |
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1 | 650 | 2 | 2 | 750 | 2 | 3 | 850 | 2 | 4 | 950 | 2 | 5 | Untreated |
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Table 3. Heat treatment parameters of SLM TC4 alloy
No. | Laser power /W | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Hatch spacing /mm | Relative density /% | No. | Laser power /W | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Hatch spacing /mm | Relative density /% |
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1 | 200 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.973 | 7 | 200 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.970 | 2 | 200 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.987 | 8 | 200 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.991 | 3 | 240 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.990 | 9 | 240 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.981 | 4 | 240 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.935 | 10 | 240 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.982 | 5 | 280 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.961 | 11 | 280 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.990 | 6 | 280 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.920 | 12 | 280 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.969 |
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Table 4. Process parameters and corresponding relative densities of SLM TC4 alloy under 30 μm layer thickness
No. | Laser power /W | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Hatch spacing /mm | Relative density /% | No. | Laser power /W | Scanning speed /(mm·s-1) | Hatch spacing /mm | Relative density /% |
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1 | 200 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.992 | 7 | 200 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.985 | 2 | 200 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.993 | 8 | 200 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.980 | 3 | 240 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.990 | 9 | 240 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.980 | 4 | 240 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.988 | 10 | 240 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.979 | 5 | 280 | 1875 | 0.065 | 99.979 | 11 | 280 | 1875 | 0.085 | 99.991 | 6 | 280 | 1500 | 0.065 | 99.970 | 12 | 280 | 1500 | 0.085 | 99.983 |
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Table 5. Process parameters and corresponding relative densities of SLM TC4 alloy under 40 μm layer thickness
Heat treatment parameter | X/Y direction | Z direction |
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σb /MPa | σp0.2 /MPa | δ5 /% | σb /MPa | σp0.2 /MPa | δ5 /% |
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SLM | 1149 | 1064 | 8.1 | 1111 | 1003 | 5.1 | 650 ℃/2 h | 1031 | 960 | 9.5 | 1004 | 904 | 7.6 | 750 ℃/2 h | 999 | 926 | 10.7 | 978 | 872 | 11.2 | 850 ℃/2 h | 982 | 901 | 15.5 | 958 | 845 | 12.6 | 950 ℃/2 h | 906 | 819 | 16.5 | 894 | 755 | 12.9 | Ref.[16] | ≥895 | ≥825 | ≥10 | ≥895 | ≥825 | ≥10 |
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Table 6. Tensile properties of TC4 alloy under different heat treatment parameters