Fig. 1. Formation mechanisms and structure diagrams for AAO formation based on different models. (a) Field-induced steady-state pore model^[19]; (b) critical current density model^[22]; (c) expansion of aluminum model^[24]; (d) structural diagram of porous AAO film

Fig. 2. Schematic of AAO template preparation. (a) Schematic for preparation of ultrathin through-hole AAO template by two-step anodization methods; (b) schematic for preparation of through-hole AAO template by nanoimprinting

Fig. 3. Schematic for fabricating different nanoparticle with through-hole AAO masks

Fig. 4. Schematic for preparation of different nanowire arrays by through-hole AAO template

Fig. 5. Schematic for preparation of different nanotube arrays by through-hole AAO template

Fig. 6. Solar cells based on AAO template. (a) Anti-reflection principle diagram of AAO nano-grating^[84]; (b) comparison of absorption spectra of solar cells with and without nanoparticles^[89]; (c) schematic of CdSe nanorods/P3HT solar cell device^[94; (d) EQE spectra of the nanorod array devices and the planer structure devices^[96]; (e) transient photovoltage decay curves for the nanopillar and planar perovskite-based solar cells^[101]; (f) schematic of charge collection with different electron contact in solar cells^[104]

Fig. 7. Photodetector based on AAO template. (a) Schematic of the photodetector based on FAPbI₃ nanowires embedded in the AAO^[116]; (b) Ⅳ curves of the FAPbI₃ nanowires^[116]; (c) response time of the FAPbI₃ nanowires photodetector^[116]; (d) mechanism of charge separation and photoresponse activity over CdS/PPV hybrid nanowire arrays^[122]; (e) spectral response of the CdS/PPV hybrid nanowire array device^[122]; (f) responsivity measurement of the ZnO/NiO composite based photodetector^[123]; (g) response spectra of diamond photodetectors with and without Pd^[126]; (h) schematic fabrication of the photodetectors based on hybrid plasmonic nanostructure^[49]; (i) schematic of the Ge nanodots array/graphene/SiO₂/Si photodetector^[127]

Fig. 8. LED based on AAO template. (a) Photonic crystal structures on the surfaces of GaN-based LED^[134]; (b) PL spectra of nanostructured LEDs of different depths^[135]; (c) voltage-current-light output curves of conventional LEDs and surface patterned LEDs^[136]; (d) device structure of LED based on nanocomb-shaped PSS^[139]; (e) light racing schematic diagram of BP-LED and HP-LED^[140]; (f) far-field radiation patterns of BP-LED and HP-LED^[140]; (g) UV-Visible absorption spectra of the CsPbI₃ nanowire films at different storage times^[141]; (h) structure diagram of perovskite nanowire LED device^[142]; (i) mechanical robustness test of nanowire and thin film devices after certain bending cycles^[142]

Table 1. Performance of perovskite nanowire photodetectors based on through-hole AAO template

Table 2. Performance of LED devices with surface nanostructures prepared by AAO mask