Characterization of geometry and depleting carrier dependence of active silicon waveguide in tailoring optical properties

Md Rezwanul Haque Khandokar; Masuduzzaman Bakaul; Md Asaduzzaman; Stan Skafidas; Thas Nirmalathas

doi:10.1364/PRJ.5.000305

[1] C. Kopp, S. Bernabe, B. Ben Bakir, J.-M. Fedeli, R. Orobtchouk, F. Schrank, H. Porte, L. Zimmermann. Silicon photonic circuits: on-CMOS integration, fiber optical coupling, and packaging. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 17, 498-509(2011).

[2] R. Soref. The past, present, and future of silicon photonics. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 12, 1678-1687(2006).

[3] B. Jalali, S. Fathpour. Silicon photonics. J. Lightwave Technol., 24, 4600-4615(2006).

[4] K. Preston, S. Manipatruni, A. Gondarenko, C. B. Poitras, M. Lipson. Deposited silicon high-speed integrated electro-optic modulator. Opt. Express, 17, 5118-5124(2009).

[5] C. E. Png, G. H. Park, S. T. Lim, E. P. Li, A. J. Danner, K. Ogawa, Y. T. Tan. Electrically controlled silicon-based photonic crystal chromatic dispersion compensator with ultralow power consumption. Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 061111(2008).

[6] J. Guo, S. Tantawi, M. Park. Active RF pulse compression using electrically controlled semiconductor switches. 12th Workshop Advanced Accelerator Concepts(2006).

[7] I. Pelant, T. Ostatnick, J. Valenta, K. Luterov, E. Skopalov, T. Mates, R. G. Elliman. Waveguide cores containing silicon nanocrystals as active spectral filters for silicon-based photonics. Appl. Phys. B, 83, 87-91(2006).

[8] M. Galli, D. Gerace, A. Politi, M. Liscidini, M. Patrini, L. C. Andreani, A. Canino, M. Miritello, R. Lo Savio, A. Irrera, F. Priolo. Direct evidence of light confinement and emission enhancement in active silicon-on-insulator slot waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 241114(2006).

[9] A. Lupu, D. Marris, D. Pascal, J.-L. Cercus, A. Cordat, V. Le Thanh, S. Laval. Experimental evidence for index modulation by carrier depletion in SiGe/Si multiple quantum well structures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 887-889(2004).

[10] A. C. Turner, C. Manolatou, B. S. Schmidt, M. Lipson. Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon channel waveguides. Opt. Express, 14, 4357-4362(2006).

[11] L. Zhang, Y. Yue, R. G. Beausoleil, A. E. Willner. Analysis and engineering of chromatic dispersion in silicon waveguide bends and ring resonators. Opt. Express, 19, 8102-8107(2011).

[12] L. Liao, D. Samara-Rubio, M. Morse, A. Liu, D. Hodge, D. Rubin, U. D. Keil, T. Franck. High speed silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator. Opt. Express, 13, 3129-3135(2005).

[13] W. Green, M. J. Rooks, L. Sekaric, Y. A. Vlasov. Ultra compact, low RF power, 10 Gb/s silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator. Opt. Express, 15, 17106-17113(2007).

[14] D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, G. Rasigade, J.-M. Fedeli, E. Cassan, X. Le Roux, P. Crozat, S. Maine, A. Lupu, P. Lyan, P. Rivallin, M. Halbwax, S. Laval. Recent progress in high-speed silicon-based optical modulators. Proc. IEEE, 97, 1199-1215(2009).

[15] J.-S. Li. Novel optical modulator using silicon photonic crystals. Opt. Laser Technol., 40, 790-794(2008).

[16] B. Mardiana, S. Shaari, P. S. Menon, H. Hazura, A. R. Hanim, H. Abdullah. Effect of doping position on the active silicon-on-insulator micro-ring resonator based on free carrier injection. Am. J. Appl. Sci., 9, 1527-1533(2012).

[17] Y. Zhao, H. Shao, T. Hu, P. Yu, J. Yang, M. Wang, X. Jiang. A silicon quasi-DOS based on reverse-biased pn diode. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 54, 635-638(2012).

[18] X.-L. Huang, C.-T. Zheng, C.-L. Sun, C.-T. Li, Y.-D. Wang, D.-M. Zhang. Investigation on an ultra-compact Mach–Zehnder interferometer electro-optic switch using poled-polymer/silicon slot waveguide. Opt. Quantum Electron., 47, 3783-3803(2015).

[19] M. Lipson. Switching light on a silicon chip. Opt. Mater., 27, 731-739(2005).

[20] Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, S. J. McNab. Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides. Nature, 438, 65-69(2005).

[21] R. Hayakawa, N. Ishikura, H. C. Nguyen, T. Baba. High-speed delay tuning of slow light in pin-diode-incorporated photonic crystal waveguide. Opt. Lett., 38, 2680-2682(2013).

[22] A. Irace, G. Breglio, A. Cutolo. Silicon-based optoelectronic filter based on an electronically active waveguide embedded Bragg grating. Opt. Commun., 221, 313-316(2013).

[23] M. N. Ebrahimy, H. Orafaei, A. Andalib, H. Alipuor-Banaei. Low power Electro-optical filter: constructed using silicon nanobeam resonator and PIN junction. Physica E, 70, 40-45(2015).

[24] R. Sharma, M. W. Puckett, H.-H. Lin, F. Vallini, Y. Fainman. Characterizing the effects of free carriers in fully-etched, dielectric-clad silicon waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett., 106, 241104(2015).

[25] L. Vina, M. Cardona. Effect of heavy doping on the optical properties and the band structure of silicon. Phys. Rev. B, 29, 6739-6751(1984).

[26] D. W. Zheng, B. T. Smith, J. Dong, M. Asghari. On the effective carrier lifetime of a silicon p-i-n diode optical modulator. Semicond. Sci. Technol., 23, 064006(2008).

[27] T. Srivastava, R. Das, R. Jha. On the high performance of channel photonic crystal waveguide comprising different plasmonic active metals. Appl. Phys. B, 108, 629-634(2012).

[28] J. Wang, C. Qiu, H. Li, W. Ling, L. Li, A. Pang, Z. Sheng, A. Wu, X. Wang, S. Zou, F. Gan. Optimization and demonstration of a large-bandwidth carrier-depletion silicon optical modulator. J. Lightwave Technol., 31, 4119-4125(2013).

[29] J. Wang, L. Zhou, H. Zhu, R. Yang, Y. Zhou, L. Liu, T. Wang, J. Chen. Silicon high-speed binary phase-shift keying modulator with a single-drive push-pull high-speed traveling wave electrode. Photon. Res., 3, 58-62(2015).

[30] H. Hazura, A. R. Hanim, B. Mardiana, S. Shaari, P. S. Menon. Free carrier absorption loss of p-i-n silicon-on-insulator (SOI) phase modulator. AIP Conf. Proc., 1341, 241-244(2011).

[31] K. Ogawa, K. Tomiyama, Y. Tsong Tan, M. The Doan, Y. M. Bin, D.-L. Kwong, S. Yamada, J. B. Cole, Y. Katayama, H. Mizuta, S. Oda. Broadband variable chromatic dispersion in photonic-band electro-optic waveguide. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference(2006).

[32] A. Hosseini, X. Xu, H. Subbaraman, C.-Y. Lin, S. Rahimi, R. T. Chen. Large optical spectral range dispersion engineered silicon-based photonic crystal waveguide modulator. Opt. Express, 20, 12318-12325(2012).

[33] R. H. Khandokar, M. Bakaul, S. Skafidas, T. Nirmalathas, M. Asaduzzaman. Performance of planar, rib, and photonic crystal silicon waveguides in tailoring group-velocity dispersion and mode loss. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 22, 73-80(2016).

[34] B. R. Bennett, R. A. Soref, J. A. Del Alamo. Carrier-induced change in refractive index of InP, GaAs, and InGaAsP. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 26, 113-122(1990).

[35] T. S. Moss, G. J. Burrell, B. Ellis. Semiconductor Opto-electronics, 48-94(1973).

[36] L. P. Zverev, S. A. Negashev, V. V. Kruzhaev, G. M. Minkov. Mechanism of band gap variation in heavily doped gallium arsenide. Sov. Phys., 11, 603-605(1977).

[37] R. A. Soref, B. R. Bennett. Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 23, 123-129(1987).

[38] C. H. Henry, R. A. Logan, K. A. Bertness. Spectral dependence of the change in refractive index due to carrier injection in GaAs lasers. J. Appl. Phys., 52, 4457-4461(1981).

[39] D. Marris-Morini, L. Vivien, J. M. Fédéli, E. Cassan, P. Lyan, S. Laval. Low loss and high speed silicon optical modulator based on a lateral carrier depletion structure. Opt. Express, 16, 334-339(2008).

[40] . Lumerical Mode Solutions.

[41] Z. Zhu, T. G. Brown. Full-vectorial finite-difference analysis of microstructured optical fibers. Opt. Express, 10, 853-864(2002).

[42] S. Sze, K. Ng. Physics of Semiconductor Devices(1981).

[43] D. Xu, J. H. Schmid, G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, D. J. Thomson, M. Nedeljkovic, X. Chen, D. V. Thourhout, S. Keyvaninia, S. K. Selvaraja. Silicon photonic integration platform-have we found the sweet spot?. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 20, 189-205(2014).

[44] C. E. Png, M. J. Sun, S. T. Lim, T. Y. L. Ang, K. Ogawa. Numerical modeling and analysis for high-efficiency carrier-depletion silicon rib-waveguide phase shifters. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 22, 99-106(2016).