• Acta Optica Sinica
  • Vol. 41, Issue 13, 1306001 (2021)
Xuping Zhang1、4, Xiaohong Chen1、2、4, Lei Liang1、4, Shisong Zhao3, Rulong He5, Shuai Tong1、4, Feng Wang1、4, Ningmu Zou1、**, and Yixin Zhang1、4、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
  • 2College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China;
  • 3Nanjing Fiber Photonics Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211135, China
  • 4College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
  • 5Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei 430032, China
  • show less
    DOI: 10.3788/AOS202141.1306001 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Xuping Zhang, Xiaohong Chen, Lei Liang, Shisong Zhao, Rulong He, Shuai Tong, Feng Wang, Ningmu Zou, Yixin Zhang. Enhanced C-OTDR-Based Online Monitoring Scheme for Long-Distance Submarine Cables[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(13): 1306001 Copy Citation Text show less
    References

    [2] -02-01)[2021-02-15]. https:∥www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions.(2021).

    [3] -09-18)[2021-02-15]. https:∥www.submarinenetworks.com/en/insights.(2020).

    [4] Fan X M, Wang Y J, Wang G L et al. Materials, 341/342, 1089-1093(2013).

    [5] Zhang X P, Zhang Y X, Wang F et al. Ultra-long fully distributed optical fiber sensor based on Rayleigh scattering effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 43, 0700002(2016).

    [6] King J, Smith D, Richards K et al. Development of a coherent OTDR instrument[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 5, 616-624(1987).

    [7] Zhu B, Ding T Q. On-line supervision for undersea optical fiber system and technique of coherent optical time-domain reflectometer[J]. Jiangsu Communication Technology, 17, 27-30(2001).

    [8] Hicke K, Krebber K. Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 10323, 1032390(2017).

    [9] Kui X F, Wu X Z. Application of COTDR technology in submarine cable monitoring[J]. Information & Communications, 30, 4-6(2017).

    [10] Feng Z Y, Qiu S F, Wei Y J et al. Coherent OTDR used for fibre faults detection[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 7634, 763416(2009).

    [11] Otani T, Horiuchi Y, Kawazawa T et al. Fault localization of optical WDM submarine cable networks using coherent-optical time-domain reflectometry[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 10, 1000-1002(1998).

    [12] Toge K, Iida H, Ito F. Over 10,000-km recirculating measurement with frequency-coded coherent OTDR[C]∥2014 OptoElectronics and Communication Conference and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, July 6-10, 2014, Melbourne, VIC, Australia., 380-382(2014).

    [13] Furukawa S, Tanaka K, Koyamada Y et al. High dynamic range coherent OTDR for fault location in optical amplifier systems[C]∥Conference Proceedings 10th Anniversary IMTC/94 Advanced Technologies in I & M 1994 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technolgy Conference, May 10-12, 1994, Hamamatsu, Japan., 106-109(1994).

    [14] Iida H, Koshikiya Y, Ito F et al. Ultra high dynamic range coherent optical time domain reflectometry employing frequency division multiplexing[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 7753, 77533J(2011).

    [15] Iida H, Koshikiya Y, Ito F et al. High-sensitivity coherent optical time domain reflectometry employing frequency-division multiplexing[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30, 1121-1126(2012).

    [16] Lu L D, Song Y J, Zhu F et al. Coherent optical time domain reflectometry using three frequency multiplexing probe[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 50, 1735-1739(2012).

    [17] Ma H Y, Wang X X, Ma F et al. Research progress of Φ-OTDR distributed optical fiber acoustic sensor[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 57, 130005(2020).

    [18] Dong X H[J]. Research on the submarine optical cable disturbance monitoring system based on φ-OTDR technology Optical Fiber & Electric Cable and Their Applications, 2016, 32-33, 38.

    [19] Lü A Q, Li J. On-line monitoring system of 35 kV 3-core submarine power cable based on φ-OTDR[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 273, 134-139(2018).

    [20] Li S Q, Wu X Z, Yu B[J]. Application research of φ-OTDR in submarine optical cable disturbance monitoring Optical Fiber & Electric Cable and Their Applications, 2018, 31-33, 40.

    [21] Uyar F, Onat T, Unal C et al. A direct detection fiber optic distributed acoustic sensor with a mean SNR of 7.3 dB at 102.7 km[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 11, 19178269(2019).

    [22] Shan Y Y. The key technology research of distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on Φ-OTDR[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University, 42-51(2019).

    [23] Peng F, Wu H, Jia X H et al. Ultra-long high-sensitivity Φ-OTDR for high spatial resolution intrusion detection of pipelines[J]. Optics Express, 22, 13804-13810(2014).

    [24] Wang Z N, Zeng J J, Li J et al. Ultra-long phase-sensitive OTDR with hybrid distributed amplification[J]. Optics Letters, 39, 5866-5869(2014).

    [25] Williams E F. Fernández-Ruiz M R, Magalhaes R, et al. Distributed sensing of microseisms and teleseisms with submarine dark fibers[J]. Nature Communications, 10, 5778(2019).

    [26] Lindsey N J, Dawe T C. Ajo-Franklin J B. Illuminating seafloor faults and ocean dynamics with dark fiber distributed acoustic sensing[J]. Science, 366, 1103-1107(2019).

    [27] Pan Z Q, Liang K Z, Ye Q et al. Phase-sensitive OTDR system based on digital coherent detection[C]∥2011 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (ACP), November 13-16, 2011, Shanghai, China., 12784624(2011).

    [28] Izumita H, Koyamada Y, Furukawa S et al. Stochastic amplitude fluctuation in coherent OTDR and a new technique for its reduction by stimulating synchronous optical frequency hopping[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15, 267-278(1997).

    [29] Wojcik A K. Signal statistics of phase dependent optical time domain reflectometry[D]. Texas: Texas A&M University(2006).

    [30] Shimizu K, Horiguchi T, Koyamada Y. Characteristics and reduction of coherent fading noise in Rayleigh backscattering measurement for optical fibers and components[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 10, 982-987(1992).

    [31] Song Y, Lu L, Zhang X. A novel multi-frequency coherent OTDR for fast fading noise reduction[C]∥Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exposition, March 4-8, 2012, Los Angeles, CA, USA., 12760747(2012).

    [32] Izumita H, Furukawa S I, Koyamada Y et al. Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 4, 201-203(1992).

    [33] Zabihi M, Chen Y S, Zhou T et al. Continuous fading suppression method for Φ-OTDR systems using optimum tracking over multiple probe frequencies[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 37, 3602-3610(2019).

    [34] Zhang X P, Qiao W Y, Sun Z H et al. A distributed optical fiber sensing system for synchronous vibration and loss measurement[J]. Optoelectronics Letters, 12, 375-378(2016).

    [35] Zhang X P, Wang Q, Xiong F et al. Performance enhancement method for phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer system based on suppression of fading induced false alarms[J]. Optical Engineering, 59, 046101(2020).

    [36] Sumida M, Imai T, Furukawa S. Fault location on optical amplifier submarine systems[C]∥Conference Proceedings 10th Anniversary IMTC/94 Advanced Technologies in I & M. 1994 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technolgy Conference, May 10-12, 1994, Hamamatsu, Japan., 110-113(1994).

    [37] He C B, Wu X Z, Kui X F. Principle and research progress of Φ-OTDR-based disturbance monitoring technology for submarine optical cables[J]. Communications Technology, 52, 2067-2073(2019).

    [38] Shore K A. An introduction to distributed optical fibre sensors, by A. H. Hartog[J]. Contemporary Physics, 59, 82-83(2018).

    [39] Furukawa S, Tanaka K, Koyamada Y et al. Enhanced coherent OTDR for long span optical transmission lines containing optical fiber amplifiers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 7, 540-542(1995).

    [40] Liu Q, Wang Y S, Dong L et al. Numerical analysis on vibration of marine propeller[J]. Journal of Naval University of Engineering, 28, 17-23(2016).

    [41] Zeng Z B, Ding E B, Tang D H. Ship propeller design optimization based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 14, 20-27(2010).

    [42] Zheng X L, Huang S, Wang C. Study of precision of steady hydrodynamic performance prediction of propeller of based on CFD[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 36, 11-15(2014).

    [43] Meng Z, Chen W, Wang J F et al. Recent progress in fiber-optic hydrophones[J]. Photonic Sensors, 11, 109-122(2021).

    Xuping Zhang, Xiaohong Chen, Lei Liang, Shisong Zhao, Rulong He, Shuai Tong, Feng Wang, Ningmu Zou, Yixin Zhang. Enhanced C-OTDR-Based Online Monitoring Scheme for Long-Distance Submarine Cables[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(13): 1306001
    Download Citation