Fig. 1. Perovskite crystal structure^[22]. (a) Perovskite cell structure; (b) general ABX₃ perovskite 3D crystal structure

Fig. 2. Wavelength tunability of perovskite nanomaterials. (a) By changing the ratio of iodine to bromine in MAPb(I_1-xBr_x)₃, tuning of 786 to 544 nm can be achieved. Above is the absorption spectrum, below is an image of the nanocomposite^[40]; (b) MAPbX₃(X=Cl, Br, I) can be tuned to the emission wavelength from 390 to 790 nm in visible infrared by changing the ratio of hal

Fig. 3. Organo-inorganic hybrid perovskite WGM laser. (a) Near-infrared WGM laser for hexagonal and triangular perovskite MAPbI_3-aX_a nanocrystals^[59]; (b) quadrilateral perovskite MAPbBr₃ nanoplatelet with the increase of pump strength, the appearance of WGM laser and the optical excitation image of nanoplatelet above and below the threshold^[60]; (c) WGM

Fig. 4. Different schemes of WGM mode laser. (a) WGM microcavity was formed by cross section of two crossed perovskite MAPbBr₃ nanorods^[64]; (b) tunable size of the perovskite CsPbX₃ nano inorganic spheres WGM microcavity^[65]; (c) WGM laser is realized by using silicon sphere as resonator^[35]; (d) WGM mode laser is implemented

Fig. 5. Different schemes of WGM mode laser. (a) Schemes of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃ quantum dots embedded silica sphere^[72]; (b) CsPbBr₃-SiO₂ micro sphere into a diameter of 40 μm cylindrical tubes of luminous images, and the principle of laser WGM mode^[72]; (c) CdS/CsPbBr₃ shell/core structure^[74]; (d) CsPb

Fig. 6. Perovskite nanowire laser. (a) Scheme of nanowire structure lasers^[76-77]; (b) optical image of MAPbX₃ perovskite nanowires with increased pump light intensity^[44]; (c) with the increase of pumping intensity, intensity distribution of F-P mode perovskite MAPbI_xCl_3-x nanowires laser[

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Fig. 7. All inorganic perovskite CsPbX₃ nanowires. (a) Nanowire lasing image with different pump density^[79]; (b) with the increase of excitation intensity, F-P mode laser appears on perovskite CsPbBr₃ nanowires^[79]; (c) nanowire laser can last for more than an hour (equivalent to 10⁹ excitation cycles) with a fixed pulsed energy[

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Fig. 8. Different schemes of F-P mode lasers. (a) F-P mode laser in all inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃ micron cube^[86]; (b) SEM image of high-quality perovskite CsPbBr₃ nano cubes using an improved low-temperature solution treatment method^[87]; (c) schematic of the crystal structure and standing wave of the F-P cavity^[87]; (d) inorganic

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Fig. 9. F-P mode laser with auxiliary cavity. (a) Perovskite MAPbI_3-xCl_x vertical cavity F-P mode laser spectrum^[90]; (b) structure of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃ VCSEL^[93]; (c) FP mode laser spectrogram^[93]; (d) perovskite laser with DFB structure^[94

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Fig. 10. Random lasers. (a) Random lasers using multiple scattering from a disordered medium^[96]; (b) fluorescent images showing the pumping intensity, spatial distribution of perovskite MAPbI₃ random lasers^[97]; (c) emission spectrum diagrams below the pump threshold, close to the pump threshold, and above the pump threshold^[97]; (d) TEM image o

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