Author Affiliations
College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian , Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Fluorescence signal processing methods. (a) Fluorescence intensity method
[18]; (b) fluorescence intensity ratio method
[19]; (c) fluorescence power ratio method
[20]; (d) fluorescence lifetime method
[21]; (e) fluorescence emission peak wavelength shift method
[22]; (f) fluorescence signal-to-noise ratio method
[23]; (g) efficiency signal conversion method
[24]; (h) self-referenced phase shift method
[25] Fig. 2. Sensing probes prepared by doping methods. (a) Welding method
[26]; (b) solution doping method
[27]; (c) laser heating pedestal method
[28]; (d) codeposition method
[29]; (e) electrospinning method
[30]; (f) wet spinning method
[31] Fig. 3. Preparation of sensing probes by chemical modification and physical deposition methods. (a) Chemical modification method
[88]; (b) Physical deposition method
[90] Fig. 4. Encapsulation methods for preparing sensing probes. (a) Encapsulated with epoxy resin
[93]; (b) encapsulated with nanocrystalline particles
[94]; (c) encapsulated with phosphor
[95]; (d) combined package with Fabry-Perot interference cavity
[96] Fig. 5. Special optical fiber filling methods to prepare sensing probes. (a) Filled with quantum dots
[97]; (b) filled with R6G film
[98]; (c) embedded with glass microspheres
[99]; (d) filled with fluorescein
[100] Method | Sensitivity | Stability | Accuracy | Anti-interference | Signal processing | Detection difficulty |
---|
Fluorescence intensity method | high | low | low | low | simple | low | Fluorescence intensity ratio method | high | high | normal | high | normal | low | Fluorescence lifetime method | low | high | normal | high | simple | high | Fluorescence emission peak wavelength shift method | low | high | low | high | normal | normal | Fluorescence signal-noise ration method | normal | high | normal | normal | complicated | low | Efficiency signal conversion method | high | normal | normal | normal | complicated | low | Self-referenced phase shift method | low | normal | normal | high | normal | normal |
|
Table 1. Comparison of fluorescence temperature measurement methods
Method | Mixed element | Range /°C | Wavelength /nm | Occasion | Sensitivity | Accuracy | Deviation | Resolution | Ref. |
---|
Welding | Er3+ | 26‒60 | 545/532 | thermocouple | 0.01 ℃-1 | — | — | 0.06 ℃ | [36] | Er3+ | 30‒100 | 1530/1565 | heating platform | 0.00056 ℃-1 | — | — | — | [37] | Er3+ | 30‒110 | 980/1540 | lab | — | 1.2 ℃ | — | — | [38] | Er3+ | 18‒150 | 515-533/543-561 | oven | — | — | 2.2 ℃ | 0.3 ℃ | [39] | Er3+ | 22‒500 | 1535/1552 | thermal chamber | 0.000335 ℃-1 | — | 6 ℃ | — | [20] | Er3+ | 20‒540 | 515-525/555-565 | thermocouple | 0.025 K-1 | — | — | 0.1 K | [40] | Er3+ | 25‒600 | 1133/1237 | oven | 0.008 ℃-1 | — | — | — | [41] | Yb3+ | 22‒160 | 905/1064 | heating platform | — | 1 ℃ | 1.5 ℃ | — | [42] | Yb3+ | 25‒600 | 976/1030 | oven | 0.0095 ℃-1 | 1 ℃ | 0.6 ℃ | — | [43] | Nd3+ | 25‒900 | 820-840/880-930 | oven | — | 1.5 ℃ | — | — | [44] | Nd3+ | 250‒1500 | 820-840/895-915 | oven | 0.0102 ℃-1 | — | 2.5 ℃ | — | [45] | Er3+, Yb3+ | 30‒150 | 520/550 | lab | — | — | — | — | [46] | NaYF4∶Er3+, Yb3+ | 40‒100 | 525/545 | oven | 0.0087‒0.0144 K-1 | — | — | — | [26] | Pr3+, Nd3+,Yb3+ | 200‒600 | 810-830/866-894 900-910/ 1051.5-1076.5 | oven | 0.017 ℃-1 | — | — | 1 ℃ | [47] | Chemical vapor deposition and solution doping | Bi | 25‒500 | 950-1200/1200-1500 | oven | 0.0091‒0.0097 K-1 | — | — | — | [48] | Nd3+, Yb3+ | 10‒140 | 920-930/1020-1030 820-840/880-930 | heating platform | 0.0156 ℃-1 0.0112 ℃-1 | 2 ℃ | — | — | [49] | Er3+/Yb3+ | 20‒150 | 1040-1070/880-970 | oven | — | 0.3 ℃ | — | — | [50] | Er3+, Yb3+ | 25‒300 | 1012.5/1537.5 | oven | — | — | — | 1 ℃ 10 ℃ | [51] | Er3+, Yb3+ | 25‒600 | 530/555 | oven | 0.016 dB·℃-1 | — | 1.1 ℃ | — | [52] | Sb3+, Er3+, Ge3+ | 20‒600 | 1535/1552 | oven | 0.000695 ℃-1 | 2.8 ℃ | — | — | [53] | Solution doping | Eu3+ | 25‒100 | 615/450 | thermocouple | — | — | — | — | [54] | Er3+, Yb3+ | 22‒51 | — | organism | 0.00526 K-1 | 0.1‒0.3 ℃ | — | — | [55] | NaYF4∶Yb, Er | 25‒70 | 525/545 | organism | 0.018 ℃-1 | — | — | — | [27] | β-NaLuF4∶Yb3+/ Tm3+/Er3+ | 30‒90 | 521/542 | lab | 0.00311 K-1 | — | — | — | [19] | NaY0.77Yb0.20Er0.03F4 | 25‒100 | 525/550 | heating platform | 0.00256 ℃-1 | 0.3 ℃ | — | — | [56] | NaYF4∶(18%)Yb3+, (2%)Er3+ | 22‒200 | 514‒523/533‒562 | sand and air bath | 0.0029 K-1 | — | — | 2.7 K | [57] | Laser heating pedestal method | Ho3+/Yb3+ | 25‒350 | 549/667 | oven | 0.0489 K-1 | — | — | — | [58] | Tm3+/Yb3+ | 60‒460 | 660‒740/740‒850 | thermocouple | 0.021 K-1 | — | — | — | [59] | Er3+, Yb3+ | 25‒450 | 524/546 | thermocouple | 0.00486 K-1 | — | — | — | [28] | Er3+/Yb3+ | 室温-600 | 502‒542/542‒592 | electric furnace | 0.0087 K-1 | — | — | — | [60] | Codeposition | Yb3+/Tm3+、, Eu3+, Tb3+ | 20‒406 | 700/800 | furnace | 0.024 K-1 0.022 K-1 | — | — | — | [29] | Melt quenching | Er3+/Yb3+ | 30‒287 | 545/523 | oven | 0.012 K-1 | 1 K | 0.2% | — | [32] | Wet spinning | SrAl2O4∶Er3+, Dy3+, Y2O2S∶Eu3+,Mg2+, Ti4+ | 25‒45 | 512‒596/616‒626 | thermal gravimetric analyzer | — | — | — | — | [31] | Electrospinning | Na (Y1-x-yErxYby)F4/PAN(NYF-EY/PAN) | 30‒150 | 523/542 | lab | 0.0148 K-1 | — | — | — | [30] | Extrusion | Eu3+ | 20‒95 | 623/585 | gas flow cell | — | — | 1% | — | [33] |
|
Table 2. Optical fiber temperature sensing probes based on fluorescence intensity ratio prepared by doping methods
Method | Mixed element | Range /°C | Occasion | Sensitivity | Accuracy | Deviation | Resolution | Ref. |
---|
Welding | Er3+ | 25‒120 | oven | — | — | 1.2 ℃ | — | [61] | Er3+ | 30‒150 | oven | 0.07 μs·℃-1 | — | 0.02% | — | [62] | Er3+ | 25‒150 | oven | 0.000247 K-1 | 1.8 ℃ | — | — | [63] | Er3+ | 0‒600 | lab | — | — | — | — | [64] | Er3+ | 500‒600 | oven | — | — | 50‒100 ℃ | — | [65] | Yb3+ | — | lab | — | — | — | — | [66] | Yb3+ | -196‒170 | oven | 0.00013 ms K-1 | — | — | — | [67] | Yb3+ | 23‒977 | tube furnace | — | — | — | — | [68] | Pr3+ | 300‒500 | oven | — | — | — | — | [69] | Nd3+ | 20‒90 | temperature control room | — | — | 0.98 ℃ | — | [70] | Tm3+ | 25‒800 | oven | 7 μs·℃-1 | — | 1 ℃ | 1 ℃ | [71] | Tm3+ | 25‒1350 | oven | — | — | 6 ℃ | — | [72] | Er3+/Yb3+ | 30‒150 | oven | — | — | 0.8 ℃ | — | [73] | Er3+/Yb3+ | 0‒850 | oven | — | 5 ℃ | — | — | [74] | Yb3+, Tb3+ | 25‒977 | furnace | — | — | — | — | [75] | Chemical vapor deposition and solution doping | Pr3+ | 20‒80 | hot water | — | 5% | — | — | [76] | Er3+/Yb3+ | 25‒300 | oven | 0.0145 ms·℃-1 | — | 0.35 ms | — | [77] | Solution doping | Nd3+ | 0‒150 | microwave oven | — | — | 0.3 ℃ | — | [78] | Cr3+ | 25‒100 | battery | 10 μs·℃-1 | 0.3 ℃ | 0.06 ℃ | — | [21] | Cr3+ | 27‒277 | electric oven | 0.625 μs·℃-1 | — | — | — | [79] | Laser heating pedestal method | Er3+ | 25‒1274 | tube furnace | 0.003 K-1 | — | — | — | [80] | Tm3+ | 25‒1200 | oven | 3 μs·℃-1 | 5 ℃ | — | 2.5 ℃ | [81] | Cr3+ | -20‒500 | copper block heating device | 1‒250 μs·℃-1 | — | — | — | [82] | Cr3+ | 0‒600 | electric stove | — | — | 0.2 ℃ | — | [83] | Cr3+ | 0‒923 | oven | — | — | 4.62% | 2.4 K | [84] |
|
Table 3. Optical fiber temperature sensing probes based on fluorescence lifetime prepared by doping methods
Method | Preparation method | Measurement range | Stability | Repeatability | Cost |
---|
Doping | normal | large | high | normal | high | Chemical modification and physical deposition | complicated | normal | low | low | low | Encapsulation | simple | normal | high | high | low | Special fiber filling | complicated | small | normal | low | high |
|
Table 4. Comparison of preparation methods