J. Hong1, J.-H. Han1, S.J. Park1, Y.G. Jung1, D.E. Kim1, H.-S. Kang1、*, and J. Pflueger2
Author Affiliations
1Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-834, South Korea2European XFEL, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germanyshow less
Fig. 1. Construction site of PAL-XFEL.
Fig. 2. FEL undulator line plan of PAL-XFEL.
Fig. 3. ITF.
Fig. 4. Baseline gun for PAL-XFEL.
Fig. 5. A schematic diagram of the ITF beamline.
Fig. 6. Typical images of five screens (left to right: ‘Y1’ to ‘Y5’).
Fig. 7. Measured bunch charge versus laser injection phase for three different bunch charges.
Fig. 8. Electron energy and energy spread versus laser injection phase measured at the spectrometer D2.
Fig. 9. Three different transverse shapes of laser beam: Shape #1, #2 and #3.
Fig. 10. Emittance as a function of the gun solenoid current for three different shapes of laser beam.
Fig. 11. Emittance as a function of the gun solenoid current for three different laser injection phases using the laser beam transverse shape #2.
Fig. 12. Emittance as a function of the gun solenoid current for three different beam energies using the laser beam transverse shape #2.
Fig. 13. Emittance as a function of the gun solenoid current for three different bunch lengths in the case of an RF-gun energy of 5.5 MeV.
Fig. 14. Prototype HX undulator undergoing the pole tuning procedure.
Fig. 15. Measured effects of
pole tuning at a 9.5 mm tuning gap. The residual fluctuation comes from the longitudinal positional error at the probe position, which is estimated to be about
.
Fig. 16. Integration over a half-period around the
th pole/peak position for the definition of the local-
parameter.
Fig. 17. The measured local-
changes due to a
pole correction at the 9.5 mm tuning gap. The abscissa denotes the distance to the pole: 0 is the tuned pole itself,
the two next-neighbor poles etc.
Fig. 18. Calculated pole gap correction based on the initial magnetic measurement and local-
deviation. Most of poles need correction. The majority of those poles need a correction less than
, some of them needed
corrections. Except for the entrance and exit poles, which require larger correction, none are above this limit.
Fig. 19. Deviation of local
for each pole before (black) and after pole tuning (red). The standard deviation before correction was
, reduced to
after correction.
Fig. 20. Measurement of gap reproducibility errors.
Fig. 21. Optical phase error at the working gap of 9.5 mm. The rms phase jitter is
, which is within the specification of
.
Fig. 22. Gap dependence of the optical phase error.
Linac | FEL radiation wavelength | 0.1 nm | Electron energy | 10 GeV | Normalized emittance at injector | 0.5 mm mrad | Bunch charge | 0.2 nC | Peak current at undulator | 3.0 kA | Pulse repetition rate | 60 Hz (120 Hz for 6.5 GeV) | Electron source | Photocathode RF-gun | Linac structure | S-band normal conducting | Undulator | Type | Out-vacuum, variable gap | Length | 5 m | Undulator period | 2.6 cm | Undulator min. gap | 8.3 mm | Vacuum chamber dimension | |
|
Table 1. Parameters of PAL-XFEL.
Laser beam at cathode | Longitudinal profile | Gaussian | FWHM length | 3 ps | Transverse size (rms) | 0.2 mm | Gun | Peak field at cathode | | Beam launch phase from 0-crossing | 38 | Accelerating section | Gradient of first section | | Gradient of second section | | Phase of first section from on-crest | 10 | Phase of second section from on-crest | 0 | Nominal electron beam | Bunch charge | 200 pC | FWHM bunch length | 3 ps | Mean energy | 137 MeV |
|
Table 2. Nominal operation parameters of ITF.
Symbol | Unit | Old parameters | New parameters |
---|
| GeV | 10 | 10 | | mm | 7.2 | 8.3 | | mm | 24.4 | 26.0 | | m | 5.0 | 5.0 | | nm | 0.1 | 0.1 | | T | 0.9076 | 0.8124 | | | 2.0683 | 1.9727 | Optical phase error | deg. | | |
|
Table 3. Major parameters of the HXU undulator.