The selection of spectral characteristic band is one of the important basis of plant hyperspectral classification. On the basis of measured hyperspectral data of five typical vegetation in Poyang Lake and data preprocessing and analysis, a method of spectral characteristic band selection based on the average and range threshold method is proposed, and the Mahalanobis distance-spectral angle method is used to identify the species of different vegetation. The results show that the proposed method effectively extracts the spectral characteristic band of the vegetation, the band is 1111-1132 nm, 1466-1522 nm, and 1577-1750 nm, respectively, and all of them are located in the infrared region. In the spectral characteristic band, the Mahalanobis distance-spectral angle method can effectively identify different vegetation types, the spectral classification accuracy of Triarrhena is the highest, the accuracy of Cynodon is 84%, and the overall classification accuracy is 91%, which shows that the classification effect is good.