The detection of insect pests of Phyllostachys edulis plays a vital role in the growth of bamboo and the development of the bamboo industry. Based on the relationship between the hyperspectral canopy spectrum information and the pest degree of Phyllostachys edulis, the characteristic wavelengths, indices, and spectral parameters closely related to the pests in the canopy spectrum were extracted, and Fisher’s discriminant analysis method was used to establish Phyllostachys edulis Pest degree detection model. Here are the wavelengths at 400~508, 586~693, 724~900 nm of the original spectrum, and the envelope curve to remove the characteristic wavelengths between 400~756 nm of the spectrum, 9 of canopy spectrum vegetation indices and 7 characteristic spectral parameters of the canopy are used as independent variables of the Fisher discriminant function to construct the discriminant function. Collected 300 groups of Phyllostachys pubescens leaf pest sample data, and randomly divided them into 210 modeling sets and 90 verification sets. According to the detection accuracy, Kappa coefficient and determination coefficient R² as the test standards, the effect of the established discriminant function is evaluated and compared. The results show that the inspection accuracy of the Fisher discriminant function established by the original spectrum, de-envelope spectrum, canopy index, and spectral parameters as independent variables are 84.4%, 81.1%, 79.7%, 78.7%, respectively. The inspection accuracy of Kappa coefficient is 0.79, 0.74, 0.74, 0.76, and R² is: 0.89, 0.88, 0.88, 0.85, respectively. It can be seen that the function established by the Fisher discriminant analysis model has a good ability to detect the degree of pests of the Phyllostachys edulis, and the discriminant function established based on the original spectrum of the canopy has the best detection effect. The discriminant function established based on the original spectrum of the canopy of the hyperspectral data was used to detect the pest degree of Phyllostachys edulis in Yangmen and Tulong Village in Wufang Village, Dagan Town, Shunchang County, Fujian Province. The test result is that the bamboo forests in the two sample areas of Shanghu are mainly healthy, and the pest degree of the two sample areas of Yangmen is mainly moderate and severe. Therefore, based on UAV hyperspectral remote sensing, it is feasible for large-area detection of Phyllostachys edulis pests. The method and results can provide a reference for the exploration of pest detection and contribute theoretical support for pest detection based on canopy remote sensing.