[1] T HARTER, S UMMTHHALA, M BLAICHER et al. Wireless THz link with optoelectronic transmitter and receiver. Optica, 6, 1063-1070(2019).

[2] M TONOUCHI. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nature Photonics, 1, 97-105(2007).

[3] W XU, L XIE, Y YING. Mechanisms and applications of terahertz metamaterial sensing: a review. Nanoscale, 9, 13864-13878(2017).

[4] D GRAHAM-ROWE. Terahertz takes to the stage. Nature Photonics, 1, 75-77(2007).

[5] E MAHIEU, M P CHIPPERFIELD, J NOTHOLT et al. Recent northern hemisphere stratospheric HCl increase due to atmospheric circulation changes. Nature, 515, 104-107(2014).

[6] H GUERBOUKHA, K NALLAPPAN, M SKOROBOGATIY. Exploiting k-space/frequency duality toward real-time terahertz imaging. Optica, 5, 109-116(2018).

[7] M PAN, Q CASSAR, F FAUQUET et al. Guided terahertz pulse reflectometry with double photoconductive antenna. Applied Optics, 59, 1641-1647(2020).

[8] N T YARDIMCI, M JARRAHI. Nanostructure-enhanced photoconductive terahertz emission and detection. Small, 14, 1802437(2018).

[9] N M BURFORD, M O EI-SHENAWEE. Review of terahertz photoconductive antenna technology. Optical Engineering, 56, 010901(2017).

[10] D H AUSTON. Picosecond optoelectronic switching and gating in silicon. Applied Physics Letters, 26, 101-103(1975).

[11] D GRISCHKOWSKY, S KEIDING, M VAN-EXTER. Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahertz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 7, 2006-2015(1990).

[12] J B BAXTER, G W GUGLIETTA. Terahertz spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 83, 4342-4368(2011).

[13] P A BANKS, L BURGESSA, M T RUGGIERO. The necessity of periodic boundary conditions for the accurate calculation of crystalline terahertz spectra. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 23, 20038-20051(2021).

[14] Y OZAKI, K B BEĆ, Y MORISAWA et al. Advances, challenges and perspectives of quantum chemical approaches in molecular spectroscopy of the condensed phase. Chemical Society Reviews, 50, 10917-10954(2021).

[15] M WALTHER, P PLOCHOCKA, B FISCHER et al. Collective vibrational modes in biological molecules investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Biopolymers, 67, 310-313(2002).

[16] Z J ZHU, C CHENG, C CHANG et al. Characteristic fingerprint spectrum of neurotransmitter norepinephrine with broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Analyst, 144, 2504-2510(2019).

[17] S PERTICAROLI, D RUSSO, M PAOLANTONI et al. Painting biological low-frequency vibrational modes from small peptides to proteins. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 11423-11431(2015).

[18] M GONZÁLEZ-JIMÉNEZ, G RAMAKRISHNA, T HARWOOD et al. Observation of coherent delocalized phonon-like modes in DNA under physiological conditions. Nature Communications, 7, 11799(2016).

[19] M GONZÁLEZ-JIMÉNEZ, G RAMAKRISHNAN, N V TUKACHEV et al. Low-frequency vibrational modes in G-quadruplexes reveal the mechanical properties of nucleic acids. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 23, 13250-13260(2021).

[20] O ESENTURK, A EVANS, E J HEILWEIL. Terahertz spectroscopy of dicyano-benzenes: Anomalous absorption intensities and spectral calculations. Chemical Physics Letters, 442, 71-77(2007).

[21] M WALTHER, B FISCHER, M SCHALL et al. Far-infrared vibrational spectra of all-trans, 9-cis and 13-cis retinal measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 332, 389-395(2000).

[22] Z F WANG, Y PENG, C J SHI et al. Qualitative and quntitative recognition of chiral drugs based on terahertz spectroscopy. Analyst, 146, 3888-3898(2021).

[23] T L MOTLEY, T M KORTER. Terahertz spectroscopy and molecular modeling of 2-pyridone clusters. Chemical Physics Letters, 464, 171-176(2008).

[24] H YAN, W H FAN, X CHEN et al. Component spectra extraction and quantitative analysis for preservative mixtures by combining Terahertz spectroscopy and machine learning. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 271, 120908(2022).

[25] S H YANG, M JARRAHI. Navigating THz spectrum via photomixing. Optics and Photonics News, 31, 38-43(2020).

[26] Z GU, Y CHEN, H LI et al. Research progress of terahertz radiation sources. Infrared Technology, 33, 252-261(2011).

[27] A DOBROIU, M YAMASHITA, Y N OHSHIMA et al. Terahertz imaging system based on a backward-wave oscillator. Applied Optics, 43, 5637-5646(2004).

[28] L ESAKI. New phenomenon in narrow Ge p-n junctions. Physical Review Letters, 109, 603-606(1985).

[29] W LI, J YAO. Investigation of photonically assisted microwave frequency multiplication based on external modulation. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 58, 3259-3268(2010).

[30] M J W RODWELL, M KAMEGAWA, R Y YU et al. GaAs nonlinear transmission lines for picosecond pulse generation and millimeter-wave sampling. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 39, 1194-1204(1991).

[31] J M MADEY. Stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field. Journal of Applied Physics, 42, 1906-1913(1971).

[32] K L YEH, M HOFFMANN, J HEBLING et al. Generation of 10 μJ ultrashort terahertz pulses by optical rectification. Applied Physics Letters, 90, 171121(2007).

[33] X XIE, J DAI, X C ZHANG. Coherent control of THz wave generation in ambient air. Physical Review Letters, 96, 075005(2006).

[34] K KAWASE, J I SHIKATA, K IMAI et al. Transform-limited, narrow-linewidth, terahertz-wave parametric generator. Applied Physics Letters, 78, 2819-2821(2001).

[35] B SUN, J YAO. Generation of terahertz wave based on optical methods. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 33, 1349(2006).

[36] C A CURWEN, J L RENO, B S WILLIAMS. Terahertz quantum cascade VECSEL with watt-level output power. Applied Physics Letters, 113, 4(2018).

[37] C LIU, S ZHANG, S WANG et al. Active spintronic-metasurface terahertz emitters with tunable chirality. Advanced Photonics, 3, 056002(2021).

[38] R SUN, S YANG, X YANG et al. Large tunable spin-to-charge conversion induced by hybrid rashba and dirac surface states in topological insulator heterostructures. Nano Letter, 19, 4420-4426(2019).

[39] L L HALE, H JUNG, S D GENNARO et al. Terahertz pulse generation from GaAs metasurfaces. ACS Photonics, 9, 1136-1142(2022).

[40] R SAFIAN, G GHAZI,, N MOHAMMADIAN. Review of photomixing continuous-wave terahertz systems and current application trends in terahertz domain. Optical Engineering, 58, 110901(2019).

[41] R A LEWIS. A review of terahertz detectors. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 52, 433001(2019).

[42] JEPSEN1P U , COOKE D G , KOCH M . Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging-Modern techniques and applications. Laser Photonics Review, 5, 124-166(2011).

[43] L C CHEN, W H FAN. Study on finger capacitance of terahertz photomixer in low-temperature-grown GaAs using Finite Element Method. Chinese Physics B, 21, 104101(2012).

[44] J T DARROW, X C ZHANG, D H IPPEN. Saturation properties of large-aperture photoconducting antennas. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 28, 1607-1616(1992).

[45] S LEPESHOV, A GORODETSKY, A KRASNOK et al. Enhancement of terahertz photoconductive antenna operation by optical nanoantennas. Laser Photonics Review, 11, 1770001(2017).

[46] R B KOHIHAAS, S BREUER, S NELLEN, et al. Photoconductive terahertz detectors with 105 dB peak dynamic range made of rhodium doped InGaAs. Applied Physics Letters, 114, 221103(2019).

[47] L C CHEN, W H FAN. Numerical simulation of terahertz generation and detection based on ultrafast photoconductive antennas, 8195, 81950K(2011).

[48] Y S LEE. Principles of Terahertz Science and Technology(2009).

[49] C W BERRY, N WANG, M R HASHEMI et al. Significant performance enhancement in photoconductive terahertz optoelectronics by incorporating plasmonic contact electrodes. Nature Communications, 4, 1622(2013).

[50] M R STONE, M NAFTALY, R E MILES et al. Electrical and radiation characteristics of semilarge photoconductive terahertz emitters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 52, 2420-2429(2004).

[51] A C WARREN, N KATZENELLENBOGEN, D GRISCHKOWSKY et al. Subpicosecond, freely propagating electromagnetic pulse generation and detection using GaAs:As epilayers. Applied Physics Letters, 58, 1512-1514(1991).

[52] T A LIU, M TANI, M NAKAJIMA et al. Ultrabroadband terahertz field detection by photoconductive antennas based on multi-energy arsenic-ion-implanted GaAs and semi-insulating GaAs. Applied Physics Letters, 83, 1322-1324(2003).

[53] M SUZUKI, M TONOUCHI. Fe-implanted InGaAs terahertz emitters for 1.56 µm wavelength excitation. Applied Physics Letters, 86, 1-3(2005).

[54] M TANI, K LEE, X C ZHANG. Detection of terahertz radiation with low-temperature-grown GaAs-based photoconductive antenna using 1.55 μm probe. Applied Physics Letters, 77, 1396-1399(2000).

[55] B SARTORIUS, H ROEHLE, H KÜNZEL et al. All-fiber terahertz time-domain spectrometer operating at 1.5 micron telecon wavelengths. Optics Express, 16, 9565-9570(2008).

[56] C D WOOD, O HATEM, J E CUNNINGHAM et al. Terahertz emission from metal-organic chemical vapor deposition grown Fe:InGaAs using 830 nm to 1.55 μm excitation. Applied Physics Letters, 96, 1-4(2010).

[57] J SIGMUND, C SYDLO, H L HARTNAGEL et al. Structure investigation of low-temperature-grown GaAsSb, a material for photoconductive terahertz antennas. Applied Physics Letters, 87, 1-3(2005).

[58] P GU, M TANI, S KONO et al. Study of terahertz radiation from InAs and InSb. Journal of Applied Physics, 91, 5533-5537(2002).

[59] R ASCÁZUBI, C SHNEIDER, I WILKE et al. Enhanced terahertz emission from impurity compensated GaSb. Physical Review B, 72, 1-5(2005).

[60] R ASCAZUBI, I WILKE, K J KIM et al. Terahertz emission from Ga1-xInxSb. Physical Review B, 74, 75323(2006).

[61] B SALEM, D MORRIS, A AIMEZ et al. Improved characteristics of a terahertz set-up built with an emitter and a detetor made on proton-bombarded GaAs photoconductive materials. Semiconductor Science And Technology, 21, 283-286(2006).

[62] T A LIU, M TANI, C L PAN. THz radiation emission properties of multienergy arsenic-ion-implanted GaAs and semi-insulating GaAs based photoconductive antennas. Journal of Applied Physics, 93, 2996-3001(2003).

[63] M TANI, K SAKAI, H ABE et al. Spectroscopic characterization of low-temperature grown GaAs epitaxial films. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 33, 4807-4811(1994).

[64] A M BURYAKOVA, M S IVANOV, S A NOMOEV et al. An advanced approach to control the electro-optical properties of LT-GaAs based terahertz photoconductive antenna. Materials Research Bulletin, 122, 110688(2019).

[65] O HATEM, J CUNNINGHAM, E H LINFIELD et al. Terahertz-frequency photoconductive detectors fabricated from metal-organic chemical vapor deposition-grown Fe-doped InGaAs. Applied Physics Letters, 98, 1-3(2011).

[66] D J J FANDIO, B ILAHI, M DION et al. Ultrafast photocarrier dynamics in Fe-implanted InGaAs polycrystalline photoconductive materials. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 33, 385701(2021).

[67] P K LU, D TURAN, J MONA et al. High-power terahertz pulse generation from bias-free nanoantennas on graded composition InGaAs structures. Optical Express, 2, 1584-1598(2022).

[68] R J B DIETZ, B GLOBISCH, H ROEHLE et al. Influence and adjustment of carrier lifetimes in InGaAs/InAlAs photoconductive pulsed terahertz detectors: 6 THz bandwidth and 90dB dynamic range. Optics Letters, 22, 615-623(2014).

[69] S PREU, M MITTENDORFF, H LU et al. 1550 nm ErAs:In(Al)GaAs large area photoconductive emitters. Applied Physics Letters, 101, 1-3(2012).

[70] D S KIM, S CITRIND. Coulomb and radiation screening in photoconductive terahertz sources. Applied Physics Letters, 88, 86-89(2006).

[71] E BUDIARTO, J MARGOLIES, S JEONG et al. High-intensity terahertz pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 32, 1839-1846(1996).

[72] Z YAN, W SHI. Radiation characteristics of terahertz GaAs photoconductive antenna arrays. Acta Physica Sinica, 70, 248704(2021).

[73] C W BERRY, M R HASHEMI, M JARRAHI. Generation of high power pulsed terahertz radiation using a plasmonic photoconductive emitter array with logarithmic spiral antennas. Applied Physics Letters, 104, 081122(2014).

[74] W SHI, Z WANG, C LI et al. New antenna for detecting polarization states of terahertz. Frontiers in Physics, 10, 850770(2022).

[75] A DREYHAUPT, S WINNERL, T DEKORSY et al. High-intensity terahertz radiation from a microstructured large-area photoconductor. Applied Physics Letters, 86, 1-3(2005).

[76] G ACUNA, F BUERSGENS, C LANG et al. Interdigitated terahertz emitters. Electronics Letters, 44, 229-231(2008).

[77] X ROPAGNOL, E LSGANDAROV, X CHAI et al. Generation of intense sub-cycle terahertz pulses with variable elliptical polarization. Applied Physics Letters, 120, 171106(2022).

[78] W LIU, Z ZHANG, Q SU et al. Interdigitated photoconductive antenna-based two-color femtosecond laser filamentation THz time-domain spectral detection. Optics Express, 30, 18562-18570(2022).

[79] E N F BOBY, J PRAJAPATI, V RATHINASAMY et al. Parametric investigation of interdigitated photoconductive antenna for efficient terahertz applications. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47, 3597-3609(2022).

[80] P C UPADHYA, W H FAN, A BURNETT et al. Excitation-density-dependent generation of broadband terahertz radiation in an asymmetrically excited photoconductive antenna. Optics Letters, 32, 2297-2299(2007).

[81] J A DIONNE, L A SWEATLOCK, H A ATWATER et al. Planar metal plasmon waveguides: frequency-dependent dispersion, propagation, localization, and loss beyond the free electron model. Physical Review B, 72, 075405(2005).

[82] S G PARK, K H JIN, M YI et al. Enhancement of terahertz pulse emission by optical nanoantenna. ACS Nano, 6, 2026-2031(2012).

[83] A JOOSHESH, V BAHRAMI-YEKTA, J ZHANG et al. Plasmon-enhanced below bandgap photoconductive terahertz generation and detection. Nano Letters, 15, 8306(2015).

[84] M BASHIRPOUR, J POURSAFAR, M KOLAHDOUZ et al. Terahertz radiation enhancement in dipole photoconductive antenna on LT-GaAs using a gold plasmonic nanodisk array. Optics and Laser Technology, 120, 105726(2019).

[85] S H YANG, M R HASHEMI, C W BERRY et al. 7.5% optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency offered by photoconductive emitters with three-dimensional plasmonic contact electrodes. IEEE Transaction on Terahertz Science and Technology, 4, 575-581(2014).

[86] B HESHMAT, H PAHLEVANINEZHAD, Y PANG et al. Nanoplasmonic terahertz photoconductive switch on GaAs. Nano Letters, 12, 6255(2012).

[87] C W BERRY, M R HASHEMI, S PREU et al. High power terahertz generation using 1550 nm plasmonic photomixers. Applied Physics Letters, 105, 011121(2014).

[88] N WANG, S CAKMAKYAPAN, Y J LIN et al. Room-temperature heterodyne terahertz detection with quantum-level sensitivity. Nature Astronomy, 3, 977-982(2019).

[89] H R BARDOLAZA, N I F CABELLO, J P R FERROLINO et al. Integrated optics spiral photoconductive antennas coupled with 1D and 2D micron-size terahertz-wavelength plasmonic metal arrays. Optical Materials Express, 12, 1617-1626(2022).

[90] N T YARDIMCI, S H YANG, C W BERRY et al. High-power terahertz generation using large-area plasmonic photoconductive emitters. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 5, 223-229(2015).

[91] N T YARDIMCI, H LU, M JARRAHI et al. High power telecommunication-compatible photoconductive terahertz emitters based on plasmonic nano-antenna arrays. Applied Physics Letters, 109, 284-286(2016).

[92] N T YARDIMCI, M JARRAHI. High sensitivity terahertz detection through large-area plasmonic nano-antenna arrays. Scientific Reports, 7, 42667(2017).

[93] D TURAN, N T YARDIMCI, M JARRAHI. Plasmonics-enhanced photoconductive terahertz detector pumped by Ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Optics Express, 28, 3835-3845(2020).

[94] O MITROFANOV, I BRENER, T S LUK et al. Photoconductive terahertz near-field detector with a hybrid nanoantenna array cavity. ACS Photonics, 2, 1763-1768(2015).

[95] N T YARDIMCI, S CAKMAKYAPAN, S HEMMATI et al. A high-power broadband terahertz source enabled by three-dimensional light confinement in a plasmonic nanocavity. Scientific Reports, 7, 4166(2017).

[96] N M BURFORD, M J EVANS, M O EL-SHENAWEE. Plasmonic nanodisk thin-film terahertz photoconductive antenna. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 8, 237-247(2017).

[97] X Q JIANG, W H FAN, C SONG et al. Terahertz photoconductive antenna based on antireflection dielectric metasurfaces with embedded plasmonic nanodisks. Applied Optics, 60, 7921-7928(2021).

[98] M KHORSHIDI, G DADASHZADEH. Dielectric structure with periodic strips for increasing radiation power of photoconductive antennas: theoretical analysis. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 38, 609-629(2017).

[99] O MITROFANOV, T SIDAY, R J THOMPSON et al. Efficient photoconductive terahertz detector with all-dielectric optical metasurface. APL Photonics, 3, 051703(2018).

[100] N I CABELLO, A D L REYES, V SARMIENTO et al. Terahertz emission enhancement of gallium-arsenide-based photoconductive antennas by silicon nanowire coating. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 12, 36-41(2022).

[101] K M WANG, J Q GU, W Q SHI et al. All-dielectric nanograting for increasing terahertz radiation power of photoconductive antennas. Optics Express, 28, 19144-19151(2020).

[102] T SIDAY, P P VABISHCHEVICH, L HALE et al. Terahertz detection with perfectly-absorbing photoconductive metasurface. Nano Letters, 19, 2888-2896(2019).

[103] L L HALE, C T HARRIS, T S LUK et al. Highly efficient terahertz photoconductive metasurface detectors operating at microwatt-level gate powers. Optics Letters, 46, 3159-3162(2021).

[104] K A KUZNETSOV, D A SAFRONENKOV, I KUZNETSOV PETR et al. Terahertz photoconductive antenna based on a topological insulator nanofilm. Applied Sciences, 11, 5580(2021).

[105] T OKAMOTO, N FUJIMURA, L CRESPI et al. Terahertz detection with an antenna-coupled highly-doped silicon quantum dot. Scientific Reports, 9, 18574(2019).

[106] H LI, W H FAN, J LIU. Analysis of terahertz generation characteristic affected by injured photoconductive antenna, 8909, 89090I(2013).

[107] H LI, W H FAN, J Liu. Investigation on terahertz generation by controlling the laser spot size on photoconductive antenna. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 44, 528-533(2015).

[108] T C SHEN, G B GAO, H MORKOC. Recent developments in ohmic contacts for III-V compound semiconductors. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 10, 2113-2132(1992).

[109] A PIOTROWSKA, H A GUIVARC, G PELOUS. Ohmic contacts to III-V compound semiconductors: A review of fabrication techniques. Solid State Electronics, 26, 179-197(1983).

[110] M MURAKAMI. Development of ohmic contact materials for GaAs integrated circuits. Materials Science Reports, 5, 273-317(1990).

[111] D TURAN, S C CORZO-GARCIA, N T YARDIMCI et al. Impact of the metal adhesion layer on the radiation power of plasmonic photoconductive terahertz sources. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 38, 1448-1456(2017).

[112] Z LILIENTAL‐WEBER, N NEWMAN, J WASHBURN et al. Influence of interfacial contamination on the structure and barrier height of Cr/GaAs Schottky contacts. Applied Physics Letters, 54, 356-358(1989).

[113] W E SPICER, N NEWMAN, C J SPINDT et al. “Pinning” and Fermi level movement at GaAs surfaces and interfaces. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 8, 2084-2089(1998).

[114] A LEITENSTORFER, S HUNSCHE, J SHAH et al. Detectors and sources for ultrabroadband electro-optic sampling: Experiment and theory. Applied Physics Letters, 74, 1516-1518(1999).

[115] M R LEAHY-HOPPA, M J FITCH, R OSIANDER. Terahertz spectroscopy techniques for explosives detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395, 247-257(2009).

[116] P U JEPSEN, B M FISCHER. Dynamic range in terahertz time-domain transmission and reflection spectroscopy. Optics Letters, 30, 29-31(2005).

[117] A I MCINTOSH, B YANG, S M GOLDUP et al. Terahertz spectroscopy: a powerful new tool for the chemical sciences？. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 2072-2082(2012).

[118] A G DAVIES, A D BURNETT, W H FAN et al. Terahertz spectroscopy of explosives and drugs. Materials Today, 11, 18-26(2008).

[119] Y UENO, R RUNGSAWANG, I TOMITA et al. Quantitative measurements of amino acids by terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 78, 5424-5428(2006).

[120] Z J ZHU, J B ZHANG, Y S SONG et al. Broadband terahertz signatures and vibrations of dopamine. Analyst, 145, 6006-6013(2020).

[121] X YANG, X ZHAO, K YANG et al. Biomedical applications of terahertz spectroscopy and imaging. Trends in Biotechnology, 34, 810-824(2016).

[122] Q S SUN, Y Z HE, K LIU et al. Recent advances in terahertz technology for biomedical applications. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 7, 345-355(2017).

[123] J SIBIK, J A ZEITLER. Direct measurement of molecular mobility and crystallization of amorphous pharmaceuticals using terahertz spectroscopy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 100, 147-157(2016).

[124] M R PATIL, S. B GANORKAR, A S PATIL et al. Terahertz spectroscopy: Encoding the discovery, instrumentation, and applications toward pharmaceutical prospective. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 52, 343-355(2022).

[125] K L NGUYEN, T FRISCIĆ, G M DAY et al. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and the quantitative monitoring of mechanochemical cocrystal formation. Nature Materials, 6, 206-209(2007).

[126] S MITRYUKOVSKIY, D E P VANPOUCKE, Y BAI et al. On the influence of water on THz vibrational spectral features of molecular crystals. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 24, 6107-6125(2022).

[127] S G MOTTI, J B PATEL, R D J OLIVER et al. Phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites affects charge-carrier dynamics while preserving mobility. Nature Communication, 12, 6955(2021).

[128] U T TAYVAH, J NEU, J A SPIES et al. Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy provides insight into charge transfer efficiency and dynamics in artificial photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Research, 151, 145-153(2022).

[129] R E BOSELEY, J VONGSVIVUT, D APPADOO et al. Monitoring the chemical changes in fingermark residue over time using synchrotron infrared spectroscopy. Analyst, 147, 799-810(2022).

[130] L CONSOLINO, S BARTALINI, D P NATALE. Terahertz frequency metrology for spectroscopic applications: a review. Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, 38, 1289-1315(2017).

[131] G J WILMINK, B L IBEY, T TONGUE et al. Development of a compact terahertz time-domain spectrometer for the measurement of the optical properties of biological tissues. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16, 047006(2011).

[132] S K PAL, J PEON, A H ZEWAIL. Biological water at the protein surface: dynamical solvation probed directly with femtosecond resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 1763-1768(2002).

[133] B BORN, S J KIM, S EBBINGHAUS et al. The terahertz dance of water with the proteins: the effect of protein flexibility on the dynamical hydration shell of ubiquitin. Faraday Discussion, 141, 161-173(2009).

[134] H AMARLOO, S SAFAVI-NAEINI. Enhanced on-chip terahertz vibrational absorption spectroscopy using evanescent fields in silicon waveguide structures. Optics Express, 29, 17343(2021).

[135] K SHIRAGA, O YUICHI, K NAOSHI et al. Evaluation of the hydration state of saccharides using terahertz time-domain attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 140, 315-320(2013).

[136] S P MICKAN, A MENIKH, H LIU et al. Label-free bioaffinity detection using terahertz technology. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47, 3789-3795(2002).

[137] S ALFIHED, J F HOLZMAN, I G FOULDSA. Developments in the integration and application of terahertz spectroscopy with microfluidics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 165, 112393(2020).

[138] S L SHEN, X D LIU, Y C SHEN et al. Recent advances in the development of materials for terahertz metamaterial sensing. Advanced Optical Materials, 10, 2101008(2022).

[139] S JAHANI, Z JACOB. All-dielectric metamaterials. Nature Nanotechnology, 11, 23-36(2016).

[140] X CHEN, W H FAN, C SONG. Multiple plasmonic resonance excitations on graphene metamaterials for ultrasensitive terahertz sensing. Carbon, 133, 416-422(2018).

[141] H LI, W H XU, Q CUI et al. Theoretical design of a reconfigurable broadband integrated metamaterial terahertz device. Optics Express, 28, 40060-40074(2020).

[142] S WALIA, C M SHAH, P GUTRUF et al. Flexible metasurfaces and metamaterials: A review of materials and fabrication processes at micro- and nano-scales. Applied Physics Reviews, 2, 11303(2015).

[143] H M SILALAHI, Y H SHIH, S H LIN et al. Electrically controllable terahertz metamaterials with large tunabilities and low operating electric fields using electrowetting-on-dielectric cells. Optics Letters, 46, 5962-5965(2021).

[144] X CHEN, W H FAN. Toroidal metasurfaces integrated with microfluidic for terahertz refractive index sensing. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 52, 485104(2019).

[145] J B PENDRY, L MARTÍN-MORENO, F J GARCIA-VIDAL. Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces. Science, 305, 847-848(2004).

[146] X Q JIANG, W H FAN, X CHEN et al. Ultrahigh-Q terahertz sensor based on simple all-dielectric metasurface with toroidal dipole resonance. Applied Physics Express, 14, 102008(2021).

[147] X CHEN, W H FAN, X Q JIANG et al. High-Q toroidal dipole metasurfaces driven by bound states in the continuum for ultrasensitive terahertz sensing. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40, 2181-2190(2022).

[148] M GUPTA, Y K SRIVASTAVA, M MANJAPPA et al. Sensing with toroidal metamaterial. Applied Physics Letters, 110, 121108(2017).

[149] C TANG, J CHEN, Q WANG et al. Toroidal dipolar response in metamaterials composed of metal-dielectric-metal sandwich magnetic resonators. IEEE Photonics Journal, 8, 1-9(2016).

[150] WANGY , HANZ , DUY et al. Ultrasensitive terahertz sensing with high-Q toroidal dipole resonance governed by bound states in the continuum in all-dielectric metasurface. Nanophotonics, 1, 1295-1307(2021).

[151] T Y ZENG, G D LIU, L L WANG et al. Light-matter interactions enhanced by quasi-bound states in the continuum in a graphene-dielectric metasurface. Optics Express, 29, 40177-40186(2021).

[152] J J XU, D G LIAO, M GUPTA et al. Terahertz microfluidic sensing with dual-torus toroidal metasurfaces. Advanced Optical Materials, 9, 2100024(2021).

[153] A AHMADIVAND, B GERISLIOGLU, A TOMITAKA et al. Extreme sensitive metasensor for targeted biomarkers identification using colloidal nanoparticles-integrated plasmonic unit cells. Biomedical Optics Express, 9, 373-386(2018).

[154] B J HAN, Z H HAN, J Y QIN et al. A sensitive and selective terahertz sensor for the fingerprint detection of lactose. Talanta, 192, 1-5(2019).

[155] D R HARTREE. The wave mechanics of an atom with a non-coulomb central field. I. Theory and methods. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 24, 89-110(1928).

[156] C MOLLER, M S PLESSET. Note on the approximation treatment for many-electron systems. Physical Review, 46, 618-622(1934).

[157] P HOHENBERG, W KOHN. Inhomogeneous electron gas. Physical Review, 136, B864-B871(1964).

[158] P J STEPHENS, F J DEVLIN, C F CHABALOWSKI et al. Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, 11623-11627(1994).

[159] A D BECKE. Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. Journal of Chemical Physics, 98, 5648-5652(1993).

[160] J P PERDEW, K BURKE, M ERNZERHOF. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Physics Review Letters, 77, 3865-3868(1996).

[161] J P PERDEW, J A CHEVARY, S H VOSKO et al. Atoms, molecules, solids, and surfaces: applications of the generalized gradient approximation for exchange and correlation. Physical Review B, 46, 6671-6687(1992).

[162] S B ANDREWS, N A BURTON, I H HILLIER et al. Molecular electronic structure calculations employing a plane wave basis: a comparison with Gaussian basis calculations. Chemical Physics Letters, 261, 521-526(1996).

[163] H YAN, W H FAN, Z P ZHENG. Terahertz spectroscopy and theoretical analysis of DNA nucleobases: cytosine and thymine. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 33, 2612-2616(2013).

[164] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN. First principle investigation of L-alanine in terahertz region. Journal of Biological Physics, 38, 405-413(2012).

[165] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN, Y Q LIANG et al. Application of terahertz spectroscopy and molecular modeling in isomers investigation: Glucose and fructose. Optics Communication, 285, 1868-1871(2012).

[166] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN, H LI et al. Terahertz spectral investigation of anhydrous and monohydrated glucose using terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state theory. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 296, 9-13(2014).

[167] H YAN, W H FAN, X CHEN et al. Terahertz signatures and quantitative analysis of glucose anhydrate and monohydrate mixture. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 258, 119825(2021).

[168] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN, H YAN. Study on THz spectra and vibrational modes of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 33, 582-585(2013).

[169] L DING, W H FAN, C SONG et al. Terahertz spectroscopic investigation of salicylic acid and sodium salicylate. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 85, 1143-1150(2019).

[170] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN, H YAN. Terahertz absorption spectra of benzene-1,2-diol, benzene-1,3-diol and benzene-1,4-diol. Chemical Physics Letters, 525-526, 140-143(2012).

[171] Z P ZHENG, W H FAN, H YAN et al. Terahertz and mid-infrared spectroscopy of benzene-1,2-diol. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 281, 13-17(2012).

[172] S WNENDT, K ZWINGENBERGER. Thalidomide's chirality. Nature, 385, 303-304(1997).

[173] W A TAO, F C GOZZO, R G COOKS. Mass spectrometric quantitation of chiral drugs by the kinetic method. Analytical Chemistry, 73, 1692-1698(2001).

[174] Z F WANG, Y PENG, C J SHI et al. Qualitative and quantitative recognition of chiral drugs based on terahertz spectroscopy. Analyst, 146, 3888-3898(2021).

[175] W N SHI, F FAN, Z Y ZHANG et al. Terahertz sensing for R/S chiral ibuprofen via all-dielectric metasurface with higher-order resonance. Applied Sciences, 11, 8892(2021).

[176] Z Y ZHANG, C Z ZHONG, F FAN et al. Terahertz polarization and chirality sensing for amino acid solution based on chiral metasurface sensor. Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical, 330, 129315(2021).

[177] G M BROWN, H A LEVY. α-D-Glucose: further refinement based on neutron-diffraction data. Acta Crystallographica Section B, 35, 656-659(1979).

[178] E HOUGH, S NEIDLE, D ROGERS et al. The crystal structure of α-D-glucose monohydrate. Acta Crystallographica Section B, 29, 365-367(1973).

[179] J E HADDAD, F D MIOLLIS, J B SLEIMAN et al. Chemometrics applied to quantitative analysis of ternary mixtures by terahertz spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 86, 4927-4933(2014).

[180] Y PENG, X R YUAN, X ZOU et al. Terahertz identification and quantification of neurotransmitter and neurotrophy mixture. Biomedical Optics Express, 7, 4472-4479(2016).

[181] Q F JING, D M LIU, J C TONG. Study on the scattering effect of terahertz waves in near-surface atmosphere. IEEE Access, 6, 49007-49018(2018).

[182] A BELOUCHRANI, K ABEDMERAIM, J F CARDOSO et al. A blind source separation technique using second-order statistics. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 45, 434-444(1997).

[183] L L ZHEN, D Z PENG, Z YI et al. Underdetermined blind source separation using sparse coding. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 28, 3102-3108(2017).

[184] M R PANMAN, P BODIS, D J SHAW et al. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy of a molecular shuttle. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6, 1865-1875(2012).

[185] D D LEE, H S SEUNG. Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature, 401, 788-791(1999).

[186] J J PAN, N GILLIS. Generalized separable nonnegative matrix factorization. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 43, 1546-1561(2021).

[187] W WINDIG, S MARKEL. Simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis of FTIR microscopy data. Journal of Molecular Structure, 292, 161-170(1993).

[188] W WINDIG, B ANTALEK, J L LIPPERT et al. Combined use of conventional and second-derivative data in the SIMPLISMA self-modeling mixture analysis approach. Analytical Chemistry, 74, 1371-1379(2002).

[189] A J SMOLA, B SCHOLKOPF. A tutorial on support vector regression. Statistics and Computing, 14, 199-222(2004).

[190] W W ZHENG, D J TIAN, X WANG et al. Support vector machine: classifying and predicting mutagenicity of complex mixtures based on pollution profiles. Toxicology, 313, 151-159(2013).

[191] A AHMADIVAND, B GERISLIOGLU, Z RAMEZANI. Functionalized terahertz plasmonic metasensors: Femtomolar-level detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 177, 112971(2021).