Fig. 1. The classification of typical THz emitters
Fig. 2. The classification of typical THz detectors
Fig. 3. Schematic of THz radiation from a THz-PCA excited by femtosecond pump laser
Fig. 4. The simulated time-domain characteristics of the carrier density corresponding to different peak powers of pump laser(G0 = 1 × 1016 cm-3,1 × 1017 cm-3 and 1 × 1018 cm-3)
Fig. 5. The simulated time-domain characteristics of the carrier density under different pulse durations of pump laser(δt = 25 fs,50 fs,and 100 fs)
Fig. 6. The simulated time-domain characteristics of the carrier density under different carrier life-times(τc = 0.5 ps,1 ps,and 2 ps)
Fig. 7. The calculated time-domain characteristics of photocurrent density under different carrier life-times(τc = 0.5 ps,1 ps,and 2 ps)
Fig. 8. The calculated time-domain characteristics of current density under different pulse durations of pump laser(δt = 25 fs,50 fs,and 100 fs)
Fig. 9. The simulated time-domain profile of transient photocurrent under different peak powers of pump laser(G0 = 1 × 1016 cm-3,1 × 1017 cm-3 and 1 × 1018 cm-3)
Fig. 10. The relationship between the peak amplitude of THz radiation and the carrier life-time of photoconductor(τc = 0.5 ps,1 ps,and 2 ps)
Fig. 11. The relationship between the peak amplitude of THz radiation and the pulse durations of pump laser(δt = 25 fs,50 fs,and 100 fs)
Fig. 12. The relationship between the peak amplitude of THz radiation and the peak pump laser power corresponding to the peak carrier generation rate(G0 = 1 × 1016 cm-3,1 × 1017 cm-3 and 1 × 1018 cm-3)
Fig. 13. Schematic of coherent detection on THz waves by THz-PCA
Fig. 14. The relationship between the surface photoconductivity of THz-PCA detector and the pulse duration of probe laser(τp = 10 fs,15 fs,25 fs,50 fs,and 100 fs)
Fig. 15. The relationship between the detected THz signals and the pulse duration of probe laser(τpd = 10 fs,15 fs,25 fs,50 fs,and 100 fs)and the red curve is the received THz signal
Fig. 16. The relationship between the surface photoconductivity of THz-PCA detector and the carrier life-time(τc = 0.1 ps,0.5 ps,1.0 ps,2.0 ps,and 3.0 ps)
Fig. 17. The relationship between the detected THz signals and the carrier life-times(τc = 0.1 ps,0.2 ps,0.5 ps,1.0 ps,and 2.0 ps)and the red curve is the received THz signal
Fig. 18. The THz-PCA incorporated with plasmonic nanostructures
Fig. 19. The simulation of THz-PCA without and with injury
Fig. 20. The view of home-made THz-PCAs
Fig. 21. The experimental results of our designed THz-PCA
Fig. 22. The optical transmission and the electric field distributions in the photoconductor
Fig. 23. The optical transmission and the schematic of designed THz-PCA with adhesion layer
Fig. 24. The schematic and simulation results of designed THz-PCA
Fig. 25. Schematic diagram of typical THz-TDS system
Fig. 26. THz spectra of amino acids and nucleobases
Fig. 27. THz spectra of saccharides
Fig. 28. Molecular structures,THz spectra of organic acids and their salts
Fig. 29. THz spectra of benzenediols comparing with calculated THz spectra
Fig. 30. THz spectral analysis of glucose anhydrate and monohydrate mixtures
Fig. 31. Schematic diagram of analysis process for multi-component mixtures by machine learning
Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages | Key performance reported |
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GaAs | 800 nm excitation; mature processing technology | Poor absorption at 1.55 μm | 104 Signal-To-Noise(SNR)in THz detection [61]; 60 kV/cm break threshold [62]; 0.25 ps carrier lifetime [63]; 1.5 times enhancement of THz radiation power [64] | InGaAs | 1.55 μm excitation; fiber based laser system | Relatively long carrier lifetime | 125 SNR in THz detection [65]; < 5 ps recombination time of carriers [66]; 860 µW THz average power [67] | InGa(Al)As heterostructures | 1.55 μm excitation; short carrier life-time | Complex material growth | 103 SNR in THz detection [55]; 6 THz bandwidth in THz generation [68]; 1 V/cm THz amplitude with 4 THz bandwidth in THz generation [69] | Other group Ⅲ-Ⅴ | High operation threshold | Under developing | 1 THz bandwidth and 102 SNR in THz detection [57] |
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Table 0. The typical photoconductive materials
Types | Advantages | Disadvantages | Key performance reported |
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Large aperture dipoles | The saturation effects can be greatly alleviated | High bias field | No saturation effects until the 90 μW/cm2 of optical fluence [71]; 4 times enhancement of THz radiation power [72] | Dipole arrays | The complexity in optical alignment | 1.9 mW THz radiation power [73]. Detect the polarization state of THz waves [74] | Interdigitated electrodes | The complex fabrication and design process | 15~85 V/cm radiated THz field [75-76]; > 80 kV/cm radiated THz field [77]; 6 times enhancement of maximum detected THz intensity [78]; Average THz radiated power of 3.956 4 mW [79] |
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Table 0. The Summary of conventional THz-PCAs
Types | Key performance reported |
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All-dielectric gratings | 70% enhancement of THz radiation power(simulation)[98]; 106 SNR in THz detection over 0.1~4.0 THz [99]; 3 times enhancement of THz radiation power [100]; 3.92 times enhancement of THz radiation power [101] | All-dielectric metasurfaces | 6-time enhancement of SNR in THz detection over 0.1~1.1 THz [102]; 106 THz-TDS dynamic range at 5 μW excitation [103] | Topological insulator | 60 dB dynamic operation range [104] | Si quantum dots | ~880 times enhancement of THz detection sensitivity [105] |
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Table 0. The development of THz-PCA incorporated with all-dielectric nanostructures
Types | Key performance reported |
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Plasmonic light concentrators | 2.4 times enhancement of THz radiation power [82]; 20 dB enhancement of THz radiation power [83]; 5.6 times enhancement of THz radiation power [84] | Plasmonic contact electrodes | 50 times enhancement of THz radiation power [49]; 30 times enhancement of THz detection sensitivity [49]; 7.5% optical-to-THz conversion efficiency in THz generation [85]; 40 times enhancement of output photocurrent in THz detection [86]; 17 μW radiation power at 1 THz [87]; THz detection with quantum-level sensitivity at room temperature [88]; ~ 138 times enhancement of THz radiation power [89] | Optical nanoantenna arrays | THz radiation power of 3.8 mW over 0.1 ~ 5.0 THz [90]; 300 μW THz radiation power over 0.1 ~5.0 THz [91]; 107 dB SNR over 0.1~4.0 THz in THz detection [92]; 95 dB SNR over a 4.0 THz bandwidth in THz detection [93] | Optical nanocavities | 80%~85% absorption of the incident pump laser for PCA detector [94]; 4 mW THz radiation power over 0.1~ 4.0 THz [95] |
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Table 0. The development of THz-PCA incorporated with plasmonic nanostructures