A dynamic loading instrument and medical computed tomography (CT) machine are used to perform a single-axis in situ compressive stress-layered scan of a concrete. The CT image of the middle layer of the concrete specimen is selected as the object, and the concrete components are divided into CT thresholds to analyze the occurrence and development of cracks. The internal displacement and strain fields of the concrete are measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method, and the displacement and strain fields are combined to analyze the generation and development process of the localized deformation area. The results reveal that the high-strain generation area is consistent with the crack generation area of the CT image. Combined with the CT value, the curve of the average value and maximum principal strain versus stress are analyzed. Moreover, the various stages of the concrete failure process are analyzed. The evaluation reveales that the CT-scale crack stage started at 70.3% of the peak load. Experimental results show that the combination of DIC method and advanced CT technology can present the stress and strain process inside the concrete specimen in the form of images, providing effective visualization for studying the deformation, failure, and stability of the internal structure of the concrete.