The application range of biomedical imaging systems composed of smartphones has been continuously expanding. By designing an optical accessory adapter, the imaging function of such systems can be improved to carry out medical and clinical auxiliary diagnoses. Smartphone imaging systems have been utilized successfully in dermatology, ophthalmology, ENT, gynecology, and other fields. This study examines the present uses of smartphone-based medical device imaging systems as clinical aids for diagnosis, as well as the concepts and characteristics of the imaging technology used. Based on their application in different departments, the features of the imaging systems are analyzed and summarized as future development trend prospects. The aim of this work is to provide a reference for future research and development of smartphone-based medical imaging systems.