Fig. 1. Atmospheric pressure over Xian from 2015 to 2018

Fig. 2. Atmospheric pressure profiles over Xian. (a) 4-year atmospheric pressure profiles from sounding balloon and the 1976 US standard atmospheric pressure model; (b) fluctuation of atmospheric pressure with height

Fig. 3. Layout of Raman lidar system

Fig. 4. Spectroscopic system diagram of Raman lidar

Fig. 5. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles. (a) Temperature profile; (b) pressure profile

Fig. 6. Atmospheric pressure error profile between sounding pressure and the retrieval of sounding temperature

Fig. 7. Pressure inversion error due to temperature error. (a) Temperature profile with 5 K random error; (b) temperature profile with 5 K random error and 3 K fixed error; (c) atmospheric pressure error profile

Fig. 8. Errors of atmospheric pressure profile obtained from measured temperature data by lidar. (a) Temperature profile 1 with error 1 and sounding temperature profile; (b) temperature profile 2 with error 2 and sounding temperature profile; (c) atmospheric pressure error profile caused by temperature error in two cases; (d) profile of pressure errors in two cases including temperature inversion error and sounding data error

Fig. 9. Atmospheric pressure inversion error introduced by reference point pressure deviation

Fig. 10. Specific humidity and pressure inversion error. (a) Specific humidity profile from sounding balloon; (b) pressure inversion error introduced by specific humidity

Fig. 11. Comparison of atmospheric temperature, water vapor mixing ratio from lidar and sounding balloon. (a) Range-squared-corrected signal (RSCS); (b) temperature profiles; (c) water vapor mixing ratio profiles

Fig. 12. Atmospheric pressure profile retrieved from lidar data and error profile. (a) Atmospheric pressure profile; (b) inversion error profile

Fig. 13. Temperature error profile and the corresponding pressure error profile

Table 1. Parameters of Raman lidar system