Rotational and vibrational Raman signals are used to obtain profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity, and the atmospheric pressure profile can be retrieved from these. A lidar system for detecting the atmospheric pressure and a method for inverting the data are presented in this paper. The feasibility of the given method and the factors that cause the pressure inversion error are analyzed. There are three main error sources: temperature deviation, reference point pressure deviation, and atmospheric specific humidity. Atmospheric detection and pressure inversion are carried out using a Raman lidar system at Xi'an University of Technology. The retrieved atmospheric pressure profile is compared with the pressure sounding data from the same day and a better inversion result is obtained, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed research method. Finally, the performance requirements for achieving highly precise measurements of atmospheric pressure using a lidar system are analyzed from the perspective of specific applications.