In this paper, the transmission characteristics of polarized light in Martian dust are investigated. First, the relationship among the particle scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, asymmetry factor, and particle size of Martian dust is analyzed. Then, the multiple scattering of polarized light in the Martian atmosphere is simulated using polarized Monte Carlo method. The effects of wavelength, particle size distribution, wind speed, height, and particle number concentration on the transmission characteristics of polarized light are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the degree of depolarization of polarized light increases with the increasing transmission distance, and the greater the particle number concentration, the more severe the depolarization degree. When the wavelength is 0.55 m, the depolarization of the selected two groups of particle size distribution is serious for the small effective particle size, and the depolarization difference corresponding to the wind speeds of 15.3 m/s and 1.7 m/s is nearly two orders of magnitude. The polarization retention of 7.46 μm laser is the best in the six selected wavelengths, and the 0.66 μm laser has the highest transmittance in the Martian dust.