Author Affiliations
1Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China2Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, CAS, Beijing 100101, China3College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Cumulative causation: conditions of production and exchange, specialization, trade and investment(Source: elaborated from Dunford et al., 2014)
Fig. 2. Overseas ports constructed or owned and operated by Chinese companies, 2017(Source: compiled by the authors from news and company reports)
Fig. 3. Evolution and geography of Chinese overseas ports(Source: Chinese ports database. Note: CIS=Commonwealth of Independent States; EA=East Asia; EUR=Europe; LAC=Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA=Middle East and North Africa; NA=North America; OCE=Oceania; SA=South Asia; SEA=Southeast Asia; SSA=Sub-Saharan Africa)
Fig. 4. Evolution of world exports in countries with and without Chinese overseas ports and of nominal global commodity prices, 2007-2017(Source: trade data elaborated from World Bank, WITS, https://wits.worldbank.org/ and World Bank, commodity prices from http://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets)
Fig. 5. Foreign market potential and supply capacity of Chinese overseas ports, 2008 to 2017
Fig. 6. Foreign market potential and supply capacity of Chinese overseas ports, 2012 to 2017
Fig. 7. Import supply and demand potential, 2008-2017
Fig. 8. Import supply and demand potential, 2012-2017
Fig. 9. Market potential, supply capacity and per capita GDP, 2017
| | 2000 | 2008 | 2012 | 2017 |
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GDP share (%) | Construction contract | 15.0 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 14.9 | Investment | 42.5 | 40.3 | 38.9 | 37.7 | Neither | 42.5 | 44.2 | 45.6 | 47.4 | Population share (%) | Construction contract | 23.4 | 24.1 | 24.6 | 25.2 | Investment | 15.9 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 15.4 | Neither | 60.7 | 60.1 | 59.8 | 59.4 | GDP per capita (2010 USD) | Construction contract | 5202 | 6099 | 6153 | 6264 | Investment | 21690 | 24319 | 24482 | 25974 | Neither | 5694 | 6966 | 7481 | 8472 | Export share (%) | Construction contract | 19.7 | 18.2 | 17.5 | 17.3 | Investment | 34.3 | 34.5 | 35.8 | 35.8 | Neither | 45.9 | 47.3 | 46.7 | 46.9 | Import share (%) | Construction contract | 14.3 | 16.7 | 16.4 | 14.8 | Investment | 40.5 | 38.4 | 37.8 | 39.0 | Neither | 45.1 | 44.9 | 45.8 | 46.3 | | | 2008 | 2012 | 2014 | 2017 | Agriculture | Construction contract | 11.0 | 16.5 | 14.9 | 17.1 | Investment | 43.4 | 38.3 | 38.8 | 37.7 | Neither | 45.6 | 45.2 | 46.3 | 45.2 | Fuels | Construction contract | 46.8 | 49.4 | 46.7 | 38.6 | Investment | 23.0 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 26.5 | Neither | 30.2 | 28.2 | 30.6 | 35.0 | Manufactures | Construction contract | 9.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.7 | Investment | 33.1 | 29.9 | 29.9 | 28.5 | Neither | 57.5 | 59.6 | 59.6 | 60.8 | Ores and metals | Construction contract | 19.8 | 25.1 | 25.5 | 25.8 | Investment | 26.4 | 23.8 | 23.9 | 22.8 | Neither | 53.7 | 51.1 | 50.5 | 51.4 | Total exports | Construction contract | 15.8 | 18.3 | 17.4 | 14.7 | Investment | 32.6 | 30.0 | 30.1 | 29.4 | Neither | 51.6 | 51.7 | 52.5 | 55.9 |
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Table 1. Gross domestic product, population and trade evolutions of countries with and without Chinese overseas ports (Source: elaborated from Chinese ports database, WITS and World Bank)
Data used | Dependent variable | Year | Coefficients of distance | Adjusted R-squared | Reporter dummies (of 61 number not significant) | Partner dummies (of 205 number not significant) |
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Full trade matrix | ln(exports) | 2008 | -1.6537*** | 0.8813 | 15 | 0 | | 2012 | -2.1889*** | 0.8948 | 1 | 0 | | 2017 | -1.5850*** | 0.9025 | 18 | 0 | ln(imports) | 2008 | -1.5257*** | 0.8769 | 17 | 0 | | 2012 | -1.9156*** | 0.9050 | 6 | 0 | | 2017 | -1.3294*** | 0.9030 | 14 | 1 | Revised trade matrix | ln(exports) | 2008 | -2.0107*** | 0.9691 | 12 | 0 | | 2017 | -1.4228*** | 0.9706 | 14 | 0 | ln(imports) | 2008 | -1.5447*** | 0.9811 | 6 | 0 | | 2017 | -1.5160*** | 0.9806 | 0 | 0 |
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Table 2. Estimating trade models for countries with Chinese overseas ports, 2008-2017
| Export model | Import model |
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ln (2017 Foreign market demand potential) | 0.486*** | | ln (2017 Foreign market supply capacity) | 0.059*** | | ln (2017 Foreign partner supply capacity) | | 0.213 | ln (2017 Foreign import access) | | 0.300*** | Constant | 4.542*** | 5.480** | F | 13.330*** | 42.110*** | R-squared | 0.204 | 0.447 |
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Table 3. GDP per capita, market potential, supply capacity and foreign import access, 2017