In the field of geology, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, with the characteristics of high signal-to-noise ratio, wide frequency bandwidth, and low incident wave photon energy as well as the advantages of simple instrument operation and fast testing speed, is used to characterize the composition, structure, and other parameters of rocks and minerals. In particular, the optical properties of rocks and minerals, water content in minerals, characterization of filler minerals, and modulation of minerals to terahertz waves are assessed. This provides a new analytical method for studying mineral formation conditions, mineralization, and mineral applications, thereby expanding the application scope of terahertz spectroscopy.