Fig. 1. Main mechanism of pulse laser ablation in liquid solution. (a)‒(e) Evolution of pulsed laser ablation in liquid solution with time (take nanosecond pulse laser as example)^[31]; (f) main stages and their corresponding real-time images of laser-target-liquid system for each laser pulse^[33]; (g) laser-induced plasma and cavitation bubbles on Pt wire in water^[36]

Fig. 2. Four chemical reactions occur inside the plasma and liquid and at the interface between the plasma and the liquid^[31]. (a) In the laser-induced plasma, reaction clusters are target plasma; (b) in the laser-induced plasma, reaction clusters are target plasma and liquid molecules; (c) at the interface between laser-induced plasma and the liquid, reaction clusters are target plasma and molecules of the liquids; (d) in the liquid, reaction clusters are the target and molecules of liquid

Fig. 3. Mechanism for ms pulsed laser ablation in liquid^[54]. (a) Formation of nanodroplets; (b) reaction of ejected metal nanodroplets with ambient liquid; (c) time-resolved images of laser ablation of a Ti target in water

Fig. 4. Distinctive morphologies of nanostructures synthesized by laser liquid phase ablation. (a) Zinc hydroxide/dodecyl sulfate nanostructures^[55];(b) PdO nanosheets^[56]；(c) Fe₃C superfine fiber^[57]；(d) Cd monodispersed quantum dots^[58]；(e) MnOOH nanowires^[59]；(f) chestnut-like Fe₃O₄@C@ZnSnO₃ core-shell hierarchical structure^[60]；(g) Cu₃Mo₂O₉ nanorods^[61]；(h) Ge-doped α‍-Fe₂O₃ nanosheet^[62]；(i) ZnMoO₄ nanoflowers^[63]；(j) AgCl cubes^[64]；(k) urchin-like ZnSnO₃^[65]； (l) Ag nanoplates^[66]

Fig. 5. Various metastable structures synthesized by LAL. (a) Carbine^[17]; (b)(c) nanodiamonds^[72]; (d) C₈-like carbon nanocubes^[73]; (e) carbon onions^[74]; (f) fcc new diamonds^[74]; (g) metastable RuAu； (h) linear scanning curves； (i) Tafel slopes derived from Fig. 5(h)^[18]

Fig. 6. Various composite nanostructures with metal substrates synthesized by electron-hole pairs generated by laser irradiation in liquid^[85-96]. (a) Mn₃O₄/H-TiO₂ composite film^[85]; (b) CdS/Pt nanorods^[86]; (c) SiO₂@Pt nanocomposite structure^[87]; (d) ZnO/Au hybrid nanocomposite structure^[88]； (e) SiO₂@TiO₂-Ag^[89]； (f) Au-loaded ZnO crystals^[90]； (g) Ag/ZnO^[91]； (h) Ag-SiO₂@α-Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites sphere^[92]； (i) Au/AgNR/SnO₂^[93]； (j) ZnO/Au^[94]； (k) PtO₂/TiO₂ particles^[95]； (l) Au/Cdot-SiO₂ nanocomposites^[96]

Fig. 7. Nanocomposites with metal substrate synthesized by LSPR effect produced by laser irradiation of noble metals. (a) EM-field-induced coherent localized oscillation of electron cloud^[117]；(b) hot carrier generation and corresponding absorption spectrum of plasmonic metals^[117]; (c)‒(h) plasmon-driven synthesis of various Ag nanostructures^[118-123]; plasmon-driven synthesis of Au nanosheets^[124]: (i) diagram of photochemical growth of Au nanosheet; (j) scanning electron microscopy image of Au nanosheet after irradiation

Fig. 8. Extensive applications of SERS, including biomedicine, food safety, environmental science, catalysis, and trace analysis^[132-138]