Fig. 1. Schematics of laser ablation process. (a) Laser irradiation and heating; (b) melting; (c) evaporation; (d) gas jet

Fig. 2. Experimental setup for PLD. PLD system is consist of pulsed laser, optical system (converging lens, windows, etc.), deposition system (vacuum chamber, heater, rotating target, vacuum pump, etc.) and auxiliary equipment (monitoring device, cooling equipment, etc.)

Fig. 3. PLD parameters and their influence on films

Fig. 4. Schematics for PLAL target system. (a) Bulk target; (b) particles or precursors in the liquid solution

Fig. 5. Schematics for the main stages of PLAL. (a) Pulse laser passes through the liquid and is absorbed by solid target; (b) plasma plume produced by ablating solid target; (c) plasma plume expands and cavitation bubbles form, and the bubbles expand and collapse; (d) nanomaterial grow and agglomerate