Flat Shoulder Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method

Juan QIN; Dandan LIANG; Jun SUN; Jinfeng YANG; Yongxin HAO; Qinglian LI; Ling ZHANG; Jingjun XU

doi:10.15541/jim20230067

Journals >Journal of Inorganic Materials >Volume 38 >Issue 8 >Page 978 > Article

Journal of Inorganic Materials
Vol. 38, Issue 8, 978 (2023)

Flat Shoulder Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method

Juan QIN¹, Dandan LIANG², Jun SUN^1,3,*, Jinfeng YANG⁴..., Yongxin HAO¹, Qinglian LI⁵, Ling ZHANG^3,5 and Jingjun XU^1,3|Show fewer author(s)

Author Affiliations

¹1. School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

²2. Department of General Education, Army Engineering University of People’ Liberation Army, Nanjing 211101, China

³3. The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

⁴4. Henan Key Laboratory of Electronic Ceramic Materials and Application, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China

⁵5. TEDA Applied Physics College, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

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DOI: 10.15541/jim20230067 Cite this Article

Juan QIN, Dandan LIANG, Jun SUN, Jinfeng YANG, Yongxin HAO, Qinglian LI, Ling ZHANG, Jingjun XU. Flat Shoulder Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(8): 978 Copy Citation Text

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1. Schematic diagram of crystal growth system

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Photos of series flat shoulder CLN crystals grown by different methods(a) Non-optimized thermal field and growth process, as CLN-N1; (b) Optimized thermal field, as CLN-N2; (c-g) optimized thermal field and growth process, as CLN-Y1, CLN-Y2, CLN-Y3, Fe:CLN-Y4 and Er:CLN-Y5, respectively

2. Photos of series flat shoulder CLN crystals grown by different methods(a) Non-optimized thermal field and growth process, as CLN-N1; (b) Optimized thermal field, as CLN-N2; (c-g) optimized thermal field and growth process, as CLN-Y1, CLN-Y2, CLN-Y3, Fe:CLN-Y4 and Er:CLN-Y5, respectively

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3. Interface shape (a) and temperature gradient (b) of inclined shoulder and flat shoulderColorful figures are available on website

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4. Flat shoulder morphologies of CLN crystals(a) Before optimized the thermal field; (b) After optimized the thermal field

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5. Crystal weight change of shouldering

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6. Photos of CLN crystal flat shoulder(a) Before optimized the speed of shouldering; (b-f) After optimized the speed of shouldering

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7. Change of pulling rate (a) and diameter (b) during lifting

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8. Conoscopic interference pattern of crystal(a) Part of shoulder; (b) Part of cylindrical crystal

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Crystal	CLN-N1	CLN-N2	CLN-Y1	CLN-Y2	CLN-Y3	Fe:CLN-Y4	Er:CLN-Y5
Distance between after-heater and crucible/mm	20	20	10	10	10	10	10
Time of shouldering/min	-	200	720	540	320	310	370
Rotation rate/(r·min^-1)	6	6	7	7	7	7	7
Range of reducing pulling rate/(mm·h^-1)	1.5-0	1.5-0	1.5-0	1.5-0	1.5-0	1.5-0	1.5-0
Decrement of pulling rate each step/(mm·h^-1)	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Interval of reducing pulling rate/min	20	20	15	10	10	10	10
Range of lifting pulling rate/(mm·h^-1)	0-1.5	0-1.5	0-1.5	0-1.5	0-1.5	0-1.5	0-1.5
Increment of pulling rate each step/(mm·h^-1)	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Interval of lifting pulling rate/min	20	20	13	15	13	15	10