Fig. 1. Principle of dynamic display by microlens array
Fig. 2. Micrographics array and dynamic display effect. (a) Micrographics array; (b)(c) display patterns at different shooting angles (after perspective transformation)
Fig. 3. Weighted estimation of x-axis and y-axis rotation angles
Fig. 4. Experimental scene. (a) Experimental setup; (b) camera; (c) rotator and microlens array fiducial marker; (d) display of microlens array fiducial marker
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of viewpoint variation range in angular vector space
Fig. 6. Display patterns at different shooting angles (after perspective transformation). (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d)
Fig. 7. Pose measurement results. (a) x-axis rotation angle error; (b) y-axis rotation angle error; (c) z-axis rotation angle error; (d) estimation result of translation in x direction; (e) estimation result of translation in y direction; (f) estimation result of translation in z direction
Method | x axis | y axis |
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MLA+ | 0.0659 | 0.0787 | MLA | 0.1227 | 0.1284 | P4P | 2.3061 | 0.6373 |
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Table 1. Comparison of average measurement error of rotation angle by different methods
Method | x axis | y axis |
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OTSU | 0.0659 | 0.0787 | Maximum information entropy | 0.1409 | 0.3985 |
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Table 2. Comparison of average measurement error of rotation angle by OSTU method and maximum information entropy method
Method | Condition | x axis | y axis |
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OTSU | Unweighted | 0 | 0 | Weighted | 0 | 0 | Maximum information entropy | Unweighted | 2 | 21 | Weighted | 1 | 16 |
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Table 3. Comparison of failure number of rotation angle measurement by two gray threshold segmentation methods
Threshold number | x axis | y axis |
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1 | 0.0659 | 0.0787 | 2 | 0.0545 | 0.0856 | 3 | 0.0733 | 0.0860 | 4 | 0.0707 | 0.0838 |
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Table 4. Average measurement error of rotation angle under different threshold number
Method | x axis | y axis |
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Dense encoding(ours) | 0.0659 | 0.0787 | Linear interpolation | 0.4880 | 0.4690 |
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Table 5. Comparison of average measurement error of rotation angle by dense encoding method and linear interpolation method
Angle interval | x axis | y axis |
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0.1 | 3.58 | 3.10 | 0.2 | 7.04 | 6.10 | 0.3 | 10.51 | 9.08 | 0.4 | 13.92 | 11.98 | 0.5 | 17.43 | 14.83 |
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Table 6. Average Hamming distance at different angle intervals