In order to realize the modular design of a cloud camera control system and improve the system integration, a design method for the hardware platform of an on-bit real-time cloud judgement system based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. On the basis of the system functional module division, an on-chip dual-core CPU software architecture is established. One CPU independently processes the cloud judgement algorithm to ensure the real-time performance of the proposed algorithm, and the other CPU is used for data interaction with satellites and partial data pre-processing. The timing control of the CCD imaging and peripheral interface is realized by the self-defined intellectual property (IP) core. Taking the CCD image acquisition and storage module as an example, the designs and time sequences of the CCD driving circuit, analog front-end circuit, and data storage circuit are mainly discussed, and the design method of the IP core of the module is analyzed. Finally, the imaging performance parameters of the cloud camera are tested. Experimental results show that the change of the dark current noise of the camera with the integration time in the set integration time is small. The output nonlinearity is 1.29% at the central field of view, and the signal-to-noise ratio is 128.1 when the signal intensity is 80% of the saturated light intensity, which meets the requirements of the cloud camera.