Fig. 1. (a) The schematic diagram of the experimental setup for OBS using a paramagnetic liquid prism. (b) Photographs of a transmitter, a 2 m water tank, and a receiver for FSO and UWOC links.

Fig. 2. Front-facing images depict the behavior of the paramagnetic liquid in response to an external magnetic field. (a)–(e) Effect of an external magnetic field on various paramagnetic chemicals. (f)–(i) Impact of the magnetic field on different concentrations of dysprosium nitrate. The label X0 represents the liquid’s orientation in the absence of any magnetic field. In contrast, +X and −X illustrate the liquid’s orientation when subjected to a magnetic field, with +X showing steering toward the right side of the prism and −X showing steering toward the left.

Fig. 3. (a) Beam steering angles and received optical intensities for different concentrations of dysprosium nitrate. (b) Percentage of power loss in the empty prism and paramagnetic chemicals compared to the direct output power of the LD.

Fig. 4. (a) A schematic illustration of the optical beam spot on the XY plane, showing the beam spot configurations used in optical communication measurements. (b) Optical beam spot measurements along the X and Y axes.

Fig. 5. Frequency responses of the LD-APD back-to-back system, LP-based FSO communication system, and LP-based UWOC system. The inset presents the P-I and V-I curves of the 520 nm pigtail LD.

Fig. 6. (a) Measured BER of the FSO communication link in the 2D plane, and (b) corresponding eye diagrams at various XY locations for data rates of 1.0 and 2.1 Gbps.

Fig. 7. (a) Measured BER of the UWOC link in the 2D plane, and (b) corresponding eye diagrams at various XY locations for data rates of 1.0 and 1.9 Gbps.

Table 1. The Concentrations of These Stock Solutions

Table 2. The Concentrations of Dysprosium Nitrate Solutions

Table 3. Observed OBS Along the ±X and ±Y Axes for Various Paramagnetic Chemicals When Exposed to an External Magnetic Field

Table 4. Beam Spot Location for the Measurements of the OWC Links (Cartesian Coordinates)

Table 5. Previously Reported Studies on Various Non-Mechanical Beam-Steering Techniques