Research Progress of Tm-Doped Pulsed Solid-State Lasers in 2 μm Band

Yuqing Fan; Xiangchun Shi; Jing Liu; Chuanpeng Qian; Ting Yu; Xisheng Ye

doi:10.3788/LOP220654

Journals >Laser & Optoelectronics Progress >Volume 60 >Issue 7 >Page 0700003 > Article

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
Vol. 60, Issue 7, 0700003 (2023)

Research Progress of Tm-Doped Pulsed Solid-State Lasers in 2 μm Band

Yuqing Fan^1、2、3, Xiangchun Shi^{1、2、3、*}, Jing Liu^1、2, Chuanpeng Qian^1、2, Ting Yu^1、2、3, and Xisheng Ye^1、2、3

Author Affiliations

¹Laboratory of High Power Fiber Laser Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

³College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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DOI: 10.3788/LOP220654 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Yuqing Fan, Xiangchun Shi, Jing Liu, Chuanpeng Qian, Ting Yu, Xisheng Ye. Research Progress of Tm-Doped Pulsed Solid-State Lasers in 2 μm Band[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(7): 0700003 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Energy level structure diagram of Tm^3+[10]

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Fig. 2. Tm∶YAG laser device. (a) Single laser module; (b) bonded Tm∶YAG crystal; (c) Tm∶YAG laser structure^[19]

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Fig. 3. Tm∶YAP laser with electro-optical cavity-dumped^[42]

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Fig. 4. Large energy Tm: YLF experimental device

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Gain medium	Tm∶YAG	Tm∶YAP	Tm∶YLF
Crystal structure	Cubic system	Orthorhombic system	Tetragonal system
Density ρ /（g.cm^-3）	4.56	5.35	3.99
Melting temperature /K	2220	1870	1098
Hardness by Moos	8.25-8.5	8.5-9	4-5
Refractive index n	1.8123	a：1.9048 b：1.9185 c：1.9270	1.44
Thermal conductivity /（W·cm^-1·K^-1）	0.13	0.11	a：0.072 c：0.058
Upper level lifetime τ₂ /ms	11	4.4-4.9	14
Pump wavelength λ_p /nm	785	795	792
Absorption cross-section σ_a /（10^-20cm²）	0.65	0.91	0.35
Emission cross-section σ_e /（10^-20cm²）	0.22	0.5	0.23
Laser wavelength λ_L /nm	2.01	1.94，1.99	1.89，1.91，1.94

Table 1. Commonly doped Tm³⁺ crystal characteristics^[12-14]

Year	Operation mode	Repetition frequency	Output power	Peak power	Pulse energy	Pulse width
1992^［16］	Actively mode-locked	300 MHz	70 mW	6.7 W	0.23 nJ	35 ps
2009^［17］	AO Q-switched	30 kHz	5.1 W	566.7 W	0.17 mJ	300 ns
2011^［18］	AO Q-switched	15 Hz	30 mW	5.6 kW	2.0 mJ	356.2 ns
2012^［19］	AO Q-switched	10 kHz	171.4 W	17.1 kW	20 mJ	1 µs
2013^［26］	—	100 Hz	18 W	900 W	180 mJ	200 μs
2014^［20］	Acousto optically cavity dumped	200 kHz	598 mW	54.6 W	2.95 μJ	54 ns
2015^［21］	Passively mode-locked	98.7 MHz	158 mW	571.7 W	1.6 nJ	2.8 ps
2015^［22］	AO Q-switched	10 Hz	1.3 W	800 kW	128 mJ	160 ns
2015^［27］	Passively mode-locked	89 MHz	150 mW	561.8 W	1.7 nJ	3 ps
2017^［28］	AO Q-switched	1 kHz	20.7 W	246.4 kW	20.7 mJ	84 ns
2017^［29］	Self-mode locked	3.376 GHz	1.2 W	120.1 W	0.36 nJ	3 ps
2018^［30］	Passively Q-switched	49.36 kHz	421 mW	20.2 W	8.53 μJ	423 ns
2018^［31］	Passively Q-switched	57.67 kHz	272 mW	12.6 W	4.8 μJ	382 ns
2019^［32］	AO Q-switched	200 Hz	1.37 W	18.6 kW	6.83 mJ	367.7 ns
2020^［33］	Passively Q-switched	124.5 kHz	842 mW	19 W	6.76 μJ	355 ns
2020^［23］	Passively mode-locked	232.2 MHz	200 mW	3.1 W	0.86 nJ	280 ps
2020^［34］	Passively mode-locked	97.7 MHz	117 mW	25.1 W	1.2 nJ	47.9 ps
2021^［35］	Passively mode-locked	203.1 MHz	320mW	2.7 W	1.58 nJ	580.5 ps
2021^［36］	Passively Q-switched	101.8 kHz	263 mW	5.8 W	2.3 μJ	398 ns
2021^［24］	EO Q-switched	1 Hz	2.53 mW	3.9 kW	2.53 mJ	650 ns
2021^［37］	Passively Q-switched	119.3 kHz	251 mW	6.5 W	2.1 μJ	322.6 ns
2021^［25］	AO Q-switched	100 Hz	0.36 W	—	3.6 mJ	—
2021^［38］	Passively mode-locked	208.5 MHz	102 mW	2.19 W	0.49 nJ	224 ps

Table 2. Development of Tm∶YAG pulsed solid-state laser

Year	Operation mode	Repetition frequency	Output power	Peak power	Pulse energy	Pulse width
2004^［40］	AO Q-switched	5 kHz	35 W	93.3 kW	7 mJ	75 ns
2011^［41］	Passively mode-locked	26.47 kHz	480 mW	—	18.1 μJ	—
2014^［48］	Acousto optically cavity dumped	200 kHz	1.28 W	148.8 W	6.4 μJ	43 ns
2015^［42］	Electro-optic cavity dumped	100 kHz	3.02 W	4.3 kW	30.2 μJ	7.1 ns
2018^［43］	Passively mode-locked	88.7 MHz	730 mW	4.8 kW	8.2 nJ	1.7 ps
2019^［44］	AO Q-switched	1 kHz	16.4 W	430.1 kW	16.4 mJ	38.04 ns
2019^［49］	Passively mode-locked	96.55 MHz	880 mW	19.03 W	9.11 nJ	478.83 ps
2019^［50］	Passively Q-switched	255 kHz	2.2 W	15 W	8.7 μJ	579 ns
2019^［51］	Passively Q-switched	101 kHz	542 mW	10.1 W	5.4 μJ	533 ns
2019^［45］	Doubly Q-switched	1 kHz	274 mW	1.1 kW	274 μJ	239 ns
2019^［52］	Doubly Q-switched	62.7 kHz	350 mW	22.4 W	5.6 μJ	249.4 ns
2020^［53］	Passively Q-switched	95 kHz	957 mW	11.5 W	10.1 μJ	857.5 ns
2020^［54］	AO Q-switched	1 kHz	230 mW	4.6 kW	230 μJ	50 ns
2020^［46］	EO Q-switched	10 kHz	21.96 W	107.3 kW	2.20 mJ	20.64 ns
2020^［47］	EO Q-switched	200 Hz	630 mW	185.3 kW	3.15 mJ	17 ns
2020^［55］	Passively Q-switched	113.7 kHz	1.29 W	28.9 W	11.3 μJ	392.7 ns
2020^［56］	Passively Q-switched	24 kHz	100 mW	1.55 W	3.8 μJ	2.5 μs
2020^［57］	EO Q-switched	1 kHz	2 W	33.3 kW	2 mJ	60 ns
2020^［58］	Passively Q-switched	71 kHz	451 mW	8.58 W	6.35 μJ	740 ns
2021^［59］	AO Q-switched	10 kHz	33.2 W	16.6 kW	3.3 mJ	200 ns
2021^［60］	Passively Q-switched	88.28 kHz	0.97 W	24.4 W	11.2 μJ	459.0 ns
2021^［61］	AO Q-switched	1 kHz	2.3 W	80 kW	2.3 mJ	29.5 ns
2021^［62］	Passively Q-switched	105.1 kHz	2.05 W	21.2 W	19.5 μJ	916 ns
2021^［63］	Doubly Q-switched	100 Hz	420 mW	111.8 kW	4.2 mJ	38 ns
2021^［64］	Passively Q-switched	98.59 kHz	1.37 W	6.4 W	13.85 μJ	2.16 μs
2021^［65］	Passively Q-switched	175 kHz	0.81 W	2.7W	4.6 μJ	1.69 μs
2021^［66］	Passively mode-locked	70.2 MHz	630 mW	57 W	8.9 nJ	156 ps
2021^［67］	Doubly Q-switched	200 Hz	151 mW	34.3 kW	755 μJ	22 ns
2021^［68］	Passively Q-switched	70.08 kHz	153 mW	2.67 W	2.18 μJ	821 ns
2022^［69］	EO Q-switched	1 kHz	1.76 W	88 kW	1.76 mJ	20 ns
2022^［70］	Passively Q-switched	49 kHz	280 mW	6.6 W	5.7 μJ	0.86 μs
2022^［71］	Passively Q-switched	95 kHz	220 mW	10.5 W	2.3 μJ	220 ns

Table 3. Development of Tm∶YAP pulsed solid-state laser

Year	Operation mode	Repetition frequency	Output power	Peak power	Pulse energy	Pulse width
2002^［73］	Free-running operation	—	—	—	310 mJ	—
2007^［74］	AO Q-switched	—	—	300 kW	4.5 mJ	15 ns
2017^［75］	Passively mode-locked	100 MHz	165 mW	17.6 W	1.65 nJ	94 ps
2017^［76］	Passively mode-locked	41.5 MHz	14.4 mW	675.1 W	0.35 nJ	514 fs
2018^［80］	Passively mode-locked	94 MHz	95 mW	32.6 W	1.01 nJ	31 ps
2019^［81］	AO Q-switched	1 kHz	1.97 W	53.2 kW	1.97 mJ	37 ns
2019^［82］	Passively Q-switched	76 kHz	6.3 W	27.5 W	85.2 μJ	3.1 μs
2019^［83］	Passively Q-switched	82 kHz	1.05 W	30 W	12.8 μJ	427 ns
2019^［84］	Passively mode-locked	54.1 MHz	1.04 W	179.7 W	19 nJ	107 ps
2020^［85］	AO Q-switched	9 kHz	25 W	2.7 kW	2 mJ	740 ns
2020^［86］	EO Q-switched	1 kHz	1.4 W	82.4 kW	1.4 mJ	17 ns
2020^［77］	Passively Q-switched	1 kHz —	10.8 W —	280 kW 350 kW	10.8 mJ 10.2 mJ	38 ns 29 ns
2020^［87］	Passively Q-switched	6.67 kHz	320 mW	57 W	48 μJ	843 ns
2021^［88］	EO Q-switched	500 Hz	625 mW	65.8 kW	1.25 mJ	19 ns
2021^［78］	Electro-optic cavity dumped	—	—	—	3.88 J	—
2021^［78］	free-running operation	—	—	—	38.1 J	—
2021^［89］	AO Q-switched	5 kHz	7.32 W	21.5 kW	1.4 mJ	68 ns

Table 4. Development of Tm∶YLF pulsed solid-state laser

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