
- Journal of Semiconductors
- Vol. 40, Issue 9, 090401 (2019)
Abstract
In 1951, Huang firstly proposed the concept of polariton and derived its dispersion relation by combing lattice vibration in ionic crystals with electromagnetic waves using classic electromagnetic theory, which was primarily aimed to explain light retardation effect (see Fig. 1)
Figure 1.The principle of the interaction between photons and lattice vibration.
Polariton is half-matter, half-light quasi-particle that forms when the energy transfer rate between polarized particles in matter (e.g. exciton, phonon, plasmon, magneton) and photons is faster than their dissipative rate. Inheriting from the matter which is massive and controllable as well as the photon which is massless and inactive, polariton exhibits a light mass and interactive behavior, and hence creates an idea platform to explore quantum electromagnetic dynamics in solid-state matters and develop high-speed, low-loss devices.
With revolution and rapid advances in semiconductor and microfabrication technologies, exciton–polariton (EP) has aroused great attentions from worldwide scientists in particular when Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of EP was realized in GaAs and CdTe quantum wells under optical pump in 2000s
To date, on the one hand, the research in EPs of these well-established semiconductors is still blooming, and continuous efforts are devoted to push laboratory devices to industry-friendly products. The central issues include low consumption, reliability and mass fabrication, etc. On the other hand, this area grows rapidly with the emergence of new materials including two dimensional semiconductors and metallic halide perovskites, etc.
References
[1] K Huang. Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals. Nature, 167, 779(1951).
[2] C Henry, J Hopfield. Raman scattering by polaritons. Phys Rev Lett, 15, 964(1965).
[3] J Hopfield. Theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals. Phys Rev, 112, 1555(1958).
[4] J Kasprzak, M Richard, S Kundermann et al. Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. Nature, 443, 409(2006).
[5] H Deng, G Weihs, C Santori et al. Condensation of semiconductor microcavity exciton polaritons. Science, 298, 199(2002).
[6] S Christopoulos, Högersthal G B H Von, A Grundy et al. Room-temperature polariton lasing in semiconductor microcavities. Phys Rev Lett, 98, 126405(2007).
[7] T Byrnes, N Y Kim, Y Yamamoto. Exciton–polariton condensates. Nat Phys, 10, 803(2014).
[8] S Kéna-Cohen, S Forrest. Room-temperature polariton lasing in an organic single-crystal microcavity. Nat Photon, 4, 371(2010).
[9] J D Plumhof, T Stöferle, L Mai et al. Room-temperature Bose–Einstein condensation of cavity exciton-polaritons in a polymer. Nat Mater, 13, 247(2013).
[10] C Schneider, A Rahimi-Iman, N Y Kim et al. An electrically pumped polariton laser. Nature, 497, 348(2013).
[11] Q H Cui, Q Peng, Y Luo et al. Asymmetric photon transport in organic semiconductor nanowires through electrically controlled exciton diffusion. Sci Adv, 4, eaap9861(2018).
[12] D Ballarini, M De Giorgi, E Cancellieri et al. All-optical polariton transistor. Nat Commun, 4, 1778(2013).
[13] T Gao, P S Eldridge, T C H Liew et al. Polariton condensate transistor switch. Phys Rev B, 85, 235102(2012).
[14] J Y Lien, Y N Chen, N Ishida et al. Multistability and condensation of exciton–polaritons below threshold. Phys Rev B, 91, 024511(2015).
[15] T J Evans, A Schlaus, Y Fu et al. Continuous-wave lasing in cesium lead bromide perovskite nanowires. Adv Opt Mater, 6, 1700982(2018).
[16] R Su, C Diederichs, J Wang et al. Room-temperature polariton lasing in all-inorganic perovskite nanoplatelets. Nano Lett, 17, 3982(2017).
[17] S Zhang, Q Shang, W Du et al. Strong exciton–photon coupling in hybrid inorganic–organic perovskite micro/nanowires. Adv Opt Mater, 6, 1701032(2018).
[18] Q Shang, S Zhang, Z Liu et al. Surface plasmon enhanced strong exciton–photon coupling in hybrid inorganic–organic perovskite nanowires. Nano Lett, 18, 3335(2018).
[19] S Dufferwiel, S Schwarz, F Withers et al. Exciton–polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities. Nat Commun, 6, 8579(2015).
[20] N Lundt, S Klembt, E Cherotchenko et al. Room-temperature Tamm-plasmon exciton-polaritons with a WSe2 monolayer. Nat Commun, 7, 13328(2016).
[21] T Low, A Chaves, J D Caldwell et al. Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials. Nat Mater, 16, 182(2017).
[22] S D Stranks, H J Snaith. Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. Nat Nanotech, 10, 391(2015).
[23] B R Sutherland, E H Sargent. Perovskite photonic sources. Nat Photon, 10, 295(2016).
[24] Q Zhang, R Su, W Du et al. Advances in small perovskite-based lasers. Small Methods, 1, 1700163(2017).
[25] A Fieramosca, L Polimeno, V Ardizzone et al. Two-dimensional hybrid perovskites sustaining strong polariton interactions at room temperature. Sci Adv, 5, eaav9967(2019).

Set citation alerts for the article
Please enter your email address