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2024
Volume: 61 Issue 9
12 Article(s)
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Atmospheric Optics and Oceanic Optics
Numerical Simulation of Gaussian Laser Beam Propagation Characteristics in Seawater Based on Mie Scattering Model
Dian Gui, Haoran Meng, Hao Yang, Xinyue Liu, and Feng Yan
To further study the application of Gaussian laser beams in underwater communication and information detection and the characteristics of the transmission process in different seawater environments, in this study, the most-common terrestrial suspended sediment particles in seawater were taken as an example. First, Mie To further study the application of Gaussian laser beams in underwater communication and information detection and the characteristics of the transmission process in different seawater environments, in this study, the most-common terrestrial suspended sediment particles in seawater were taken as an example. First, Mie scattering theory was combined with the Monte Carlo method to establish a 520-nm Gaussian laser transmission model in seawater containing suspended solids, and the effects of particle groups with specific diameters and densities on laser transmission were studied. Second, the variation in the normalized received power with the initial divergence angle of the laser at different detection distances was analyzed. The research results indicate the following. 1) When the diameter and density of suspended sediment particles in the Mie scattering model are changed, thereby changing the extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient, and asymmetry factor set in the simulation, the received power of the detection target decreases exponentially with increases in scatterer diameter, density, and transmission distance. 2) Within a certain range, the change in the initial divergence angle does not affect the power of the receiving surface, and this range decreases with increases in the scattering coefficient and transmission distance. The research method used lays a theoretical foundation for further analyzing the changes in Gaussian laser transmission characteristics in seawater containing complex particle groups (suspended bubbles, planktonic algae, and suspended sediment) and provides reference for related engineering estimates..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0901001 (2024)
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Photonics-Aided Quadruple Frequency W-Band Linear Frequency Modulated Signal Sensing and Ranging
Longwei Pan, Yanyi Wang, Yuxuan Tan, Yuangang Wang, Kaihui Wang, and Wen Zhou
A new system based on optical external modulator frequency multiplication is proposed to generate W-band linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals for high-resolution ranging. The LFM signals from the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) are modulated to the sideband of the optical carrier through the optical modulator. TA new system based on optical external modulator frequency multiplication is proposed to generate W-band linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals for high-resolution ranging. The LFM signals from the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) are modulated to the sideband of the optical carrier through the optical modulator. The photoelectric conversion is completed in the photodetector (PD) to generate quadruple frequency W-band LFM signals, whose center frequency and bandwidth are four times the original LFM signal. This broadband LFM signal is emitted to free space for target detection. For distance measurements, the two targets are separated by 50 cm, and the measured value is 48.8 cm with an error of 1.2 cm. The distance between the two objects is set to 40 cm to demonstrate the reliability of the experiment. The measured value is 38.9 cm, and the error is 1.1 cm. The system overcomes the “electronic bottleneck” that is difficult to directly generate high-frequency signals in the electrical domain and achieves high-resolution ranging via photonics-aided generation of the broadband LFM signal. Thus, the proposed method provides a solution for future ultrahigh-resolution LFM continuous-wave radar systems..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0906006 (2024)
Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology
Collimation Technique for Infrared Beam Based on Moire Fringe
Shangchen Cai, Qiluan Chen, Shu Zhang, and Zuojun Tan
A method of infrared beam collimation adjustment based on the Moire fringe is proposed based on the Talbot image of the grating and its relationship to beam collimation under spherical wave illumination. When the grating is moving, the change in the Moire fringe direction is observed and measured by an infrared array cA method of infrared beam collimation adjustment based on the Moire fringe is proposed based on the Talbot image of the grating and its relationship to beam collimation under spherical wave illumination. When the grating is moving, the change in the Moire fringe direction is observed and measured by an infrared array charge-coupled device (CCD) to adjust the beam collimation. As a result, fast and convenient collimation of the infrared beam is realized. The results show that, when the grating moves, because the distance is the same, the optical path changes of 0-order and ±1-order light waves differ. The fringe shows periodic vertical axis movement and periodic contrast change, but the fringe direction remains unchanged. The fringe movement and contrast change do not affect the collimation accuracy. This method overcomes the difficulty of an invisible infrared beam and achieves simpler, faster, and more convenient collimation correction than the traditional collimation method..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0912001 (2024)
Lasers and Laser Optics
Process Parameters of Additive and Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing for GH3536 Superalloy
Yingwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Quanwei Sun, Qian Bai, Hefeng Ling, and Xiaodan Li
GH3536 superalloy has excellent corrosion resistance and elevated-temperature strength, and is commonly used in the manufacturing of elevated-temperature components such as combustion chambers and gas turbines. Additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) technology combines the advantages of high flexibility iGH3536 superalloy has excellent corrosion resistance and elevated-temperature strength, and is commonly used in the manufacturing of elevated-temperature components such as combustion chambers and gas turbines. Additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) technology combines the advantages of high flexibility in additive manufacturing and good surface quality in subtractive manufacturing, which is an effective way to manufacture high performance GH3536 parts. Since ASHM engages the alternating of additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing, it is important to determine the optimal process parameters and suitable type of tools to improve the surface quality of GH3536 parts. The samples are prepared by selective laser melting with different process parameters. The relative density of the samples are measured by precision balance to obtain the optimal parameters for GH3536. Scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction are used to observe the microstructure of GH3536 samples with optimal parameters. The samples of ASHM are machined with three different types of tools, i.e. ball end milling, round nose milling and flat end milling. The surface morphology is studied after the machining. The results show that with the laser power of 400 W and the scanning speed of 1750 mm/s, there are no obvious defects in the samples and the relative density reaches 99.93% which are the optimal process parameters in additive manufacturing. The surface roughness of the GH3536 samples processed by the round nose milling achieves 0.211 μm. This study provides guidance to the determination of process parameters and tools' type of ASHM for GH3536 parts..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0914001 (2024)
Polarization Characterization of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Optofluidic Lasers
Jiaqi Zhao, Tingting Zhang, Tianjun Zhang, Wenjie Wang, and Shaoding Liu
A pair of fluorescent molecules capable of producing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used as donor and acceptor dyes. The polarization properties of FRET optical microfluidic lasers were investigated based on the G-quadruplex structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using a Fabry-Perot (F-PA pair of fluorescent molecules capable of producing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used as donor and acceptor dyes. The polarization properties of FRET optical microfluidic lasers were investigated based on the G-quadruplex structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using a Fabry-Perot (F-P) microcavity as an optical resonance cavity. In the experiment, five solutions of DNA of varying K+ concentrations (whose molecular ends are each labeled with a pair of fluorescent dyes that can produce FRET) were studied and excited with linearly polarized pump light, and the ratio of the slope of the laser threshold curve of the acceptor in the parallel polarization direction (parallel to the pump light polarization direction) and the slope of the laser threshold curve (SER) in the vertical polarization direction (vertical to the pump light polarization direction) was used as the detection signal of the laser polarization of the acceptor. Findings indicate that as the K+ content in the DNA solution increases, the pumping threshold of the acceptor laser decreases, energy conversion efficiency improves, and the slope ratio of the acceptor laser reduces, leading to decreased polarization..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0914005 (2024)
Tunable Multi-Wavelength Brillouin-Erbium-Doped Random Fiber Laser
Haiyue Pang, Xiangjie Qin, Jiateng Zheng, Zhiyong Tao, and Yaxian Fan
A tunable multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium-doped random fiber laser with a half-open cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It uses the backward Rayleigh scattering in the long single-mode fiber to provide random distributed feedback, and the stimulated Brillouin scattering and erbium-doped fiber to proviA tunable multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium-doped random fiber laser with a half-open cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It uses the backward Rayleigh scattering in the long single-mode fiber to provide random distributed feedback, and the stimulated Brillouin scattering and erbium-doped fiber to provide laser gain. In this simple laser device, stabilized 13-order Stokes light and 5-order anti-Stokes light can be obtained. By adjusting the wavelength of Brillouin pump, the random laser wavelength tuning in the range of 1550.5?1565.5 nm is realized. In addition, the wavelength fluctuation range of 1?10 orders' Stokes light is 0?0.008 nm, and the corresponding peak power fluctuation range is 0?2.28 dB, which prove that the laser has high wavelength and power stability. The results show that the laser has the advantages of simple structure, large numbers of spectral line orders, wide tunable wavelength range and high stability, which makes it has broad application prospects in many fields, such as dense wavelength division multiplexing optical communication systems, microwave photonics, precision metrology, fiber sensing and so on..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0914007 (2024)
Physical Optics
Propagation Characteristics of Lommel-Gaussian Beams in a Gradient-Index Medium
Yanli Su, Yuanbo Wang, Lincong Ji, Cun Zhang, and Qichang Jiang
The intensity envelopes and propagation characteristics of Lommel-Gaussian beams are investigated numerically based on gradient-index medium. The intensity expression of Lommel-Gaussian beams is provided. The zero-free region of Lommel-Gaussian beams decreases with decreasing spot of Gaussian beams, that is, the truncaThe intensity envelopes and propagation characteristics of Lommel-Gaussian beams are investigated numerically based on gradient-index medium. The intensity expression of Lommel-Gaussian beams is provided. The zero-free region of Lommel-Gaussian beams decreases with decreasing spot of Gaussian beams, that is, the truncation effect of beams is more obvious. The spatial scale decreases with increasing half-cone angles and the hollow region of beam center increases with increasing topological charges. The spatial distribution and symmetry can be modulated by changing the asymmetric parameters. The intensity distribution of beams gradually changes from circular symmetry to axial-symmetry double-crescent pattern with increasing amplitude of asymmetric parameters and the symmetric axis of double-crescent pattern is rotated clockwise with increasing argument of asymmetric parameters. When the Lommel-Gaussian beams are propagating in a gradient-index medium, within a transmission cycle, the relative intensity distribution of beams has no change, only the beam scale has a periodic focus change. But in free space, the beam quickly evolves into two light spots. All results are helpful to study the application of Lommel-Gaussian beams..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0926001 (2024)
Quantum Optics
Quantum Classifier Based on Compact Encoding and Polynomial Kernel
Ruihong Jia, Guang Yang, Min Nie, Yuanhua Liu, and Meiling Zhang
Kernel method has a wide range of applications in machine learning. The combination of quantum computing and kernel method can effectively solve the problem of increasing computational costs in classical kernel method when the feature space becomes larger. Researches show that the minimized quantum circuits based on keKernel method has a wide range of applications in machine learning. The combination of quantum computing and kernel method can effectively solve the problem of increasing computational costs in classical kernel method when the feature space becomes larger. Researches show that the minimized quantum circuits based on kernel method can be reliably executed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Some classifiers based on the quantum kernel method that have been proposed so far still have certain defects in terms of fully mapping data and circuit architecture. Therefore, we propose a compact quantum classifier based on polynomial kernel functions. First, a polynomial kernel function is introduced to increase the classification iteration rate of nonlinear data, thereby improve the classification efficiency. On this basis, a compact amplitude encoding is further proposed to encode the data labels corresponding to the quantum state. Compared with the existing quantum kernel method classifier, the number of coding bits of the quantum circuit of the proposed model can be reduced from 5 qubits to 3 qubits, and the two-qubit measurement in the existing method is simplified to a single-qubit measurement in the proposed model. In addition, the model achieves the optimal variance of the quantum circuit parameters in the measurement stage, which can effectively save computing resource overhead. Experimental simulations show that the expected value in the proposed classifier model is closer to the theoretical one, and higher classification accuracy is obtained. At the same time, the model has a low degree of entanglement, which effectively reduces the overhead of the entire preparation work..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0927002 (2024)
Reviews
Summary of Research on Polarization Transmission in Three Atypical Environments
Xindong Sun, Fengxun Meng, Wensen Xun, Dong Wang, Xueye Chen, and Xiangwei Zeng
The existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For iThe existence of three atypical environments involving irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media is quite common. However, the transmission performance and operating distance of optical signals are badly affected due to particle scattering and absorption in the three atypical environments. For instance, low-visibility environments, such as fog, haze, and clouds, can reduce the safety of aircraft, cars, and ships, making it difficult to search and navigate in turbid waters. However, using polarization characteristics to characterize the transmission process in these atypical environments can provide feasible solution for extracting high-quality light signals and increasing operational distances. In this study, we explore the polarization transmission characteristics in three situations: irregular particles, nonisotropic particles, and nonuniform media. We analyze the domestic and international development of various nonspherical particles, present relevant data from the equivalent multilayer concentric particle model, and explain the effectiveness of addressing issues such as haze-scattering characteristics. Furthermore, we conduct a classification study on nonuniform media and analyze the impact of the medium on light transmission. By summarizing the development progress and current research status regarding scattering polarization characteristics of polarized light in the three atypical environments, we aim to clarify the importance of studying polarization transmission characteristics in such settings. Finally, we look forward to the development trend of polarization transmission problems in the three atypical environments..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900007 (2024)
Progress in Semiconductor Saturable Absorption Mirror Mode-Locked Laser
Ting Huang, Nan Lin, Qiuyue Zhang, Tianjiang He, Cong Xiong, Li Zhong, Suping Liu, and Xiaoyu Ma
Semiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This studSemiconductor saturable absorption mirror (SESAM) is the most commonly-used passive mode-locking device in ultrafast laser technology. Owing to its advantages of self-starting, low insertion loss, high integration, and flexible design, SESAM has a wide range of applications and excellent commercial prospects. This study introduces the mode-locking principle and current development status of SESAM and summarizes the current epitaxial structure, growth mode, and parameter performance of SESAM. It also provides a detailed description of its latest progress in mode-locking in solid-state, semiconductor, and fiber lasers. Moreover, the performance characteristics and future-development direction of various types of mode-locked lasers are presented..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900008 (2024)
Progress in Packaging Technology of InGaAs Avalanche Photodiode Detectors
Chenyang Zhang, Defeng Mo, Hongyan Xu, Yingjie Ma, Xue Li, and Wenxian Su
InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, InGaAs single-photon detectors are extensively used in laser 3D imaging, long-distance high-speed digital communication, free-space optical communication, and quantum communication. Different packaging formats, including coaxial packaging, butterfly packaging, and pin grid array packaging, have been designed for unit, line array, and small panel array devices. The impact of the temperature on the efficacy of InGaAs single-photon devices and the methodologies for controlling component temperature are discussed. Detailed comparisons and analyses of high-precision coupling methods for optical components such as microlenses, lenses, optical fibers, etc. to the semiconductor are provided. For high-frequency signal output, the lead type, wiring method, packaging structure design, and other issues are reviewed, and the development trend of the InGaAs single-photon detectors is forecasted..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900009 (2024)
Research Progress of Flexible Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Jinyang Wang, Jin Xia, and Huiliang Zhang
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditionSurface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a non-contact, non-destructive and high-sensitivity spectral analysis technique. SERS has the capability to detect molecular fingerprint and has been widely applied to the subjects of materials science, chemistry, physics, geology and life science. Compared with the traditional rigid substrates, the flexible SERS substrates can conduct in situ and on-site real-time detection of analytes on non-planar surface. However, there are still some challenges in designing and fabricating the flexible SERS substrates with high-sensitivity and reproducibility. Therefore, we provide an overview of the recent advances in flexible SERS substrates. We discuss the fabrications, performances, applications and future prospects of five different types of the flexible SERS substrates, and provide some guidance for the research of SERS substrates..
Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
- Publication Date: May. 10, 2024
- Vol. 61, Issue 9, 0900010 (2024)
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