The surface condition and spectral absorption characteristics of objects can be accurately reflected by their spectral reflectance data. The information of spectral distribution distinguishes the camouflaged objects which are difficult to be found and identified by human eyes, and measures the difference between a target and the background quantitatively. According to colorimetry, there are two characteristic parameters, color difference and spectral matching coefficient. Using these two evaluation parameters as reference indices, we extracted color characteristics of the target ship and the south of the East China Sea, analyzed their spectral reflectance distribution, and evaluated the effectiveness of the camouflage system. Meanwhile, we proposed the probability formula of target recognition for more effective evaluation of ship camouflage effect and obtained corresponding experiment results. The results show that the color difference and spectral matching coefficient can be used as evaluation parameters for evaluating the camouflage effect of target ships effectively.