Author Affiliations
1College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi′an 710021, China2College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of spatial voxelization
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of voxelization and meshing parameters
Fig. 3. Search order of stream-constrained clustering algorithm
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of small threshold denoising
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of large threshold denoising
Fig. 6. Flow chart of IVCCS algorithm
Fig. 7. (a) VCCS and (b) IVCCS
Fig. 8. Visualization effect of Gazebo data registration
Fig. 9. Visual effect of data registration with noise
Fig. 10. Images taken by cameras with different viewing angles
Fig. 11. Point cloud images scanned by radar at different viewing angles
Fig. 12. Visual effect of car data registration
Fig. 13. Actual collected data of the library
Fig. 14. Visual effect of library data registration
Fig. 15. Actual collected data of the panzer
Fig. 16. Visual effect of panzer data registration
Model | Model Fragment | Number | Gazebo | Gazebo_0 | 135842 | Gazebo_1 | 135589 | Scans | Scan_3582 | 54934 | | Scan_3725 | 54818 |
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Table 1. Segment size of partial point cloud model in the data set
Algorithm | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | ICP | 1.49×10−5 | 298.996 | 29 | FPFH+ICP | 1.28×10−5 | 17.65 | 24 | IVCCS+WICP | 1.06×10−5 | 2.294 | 20 |
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Table 2. Statistics of experimental results of Gazebo ideal data
Algorithm | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | VCCS+ICP | 2.14×10−5 | 7.682 | 30 | VCCS+WICP | 1.34×10−5 | 2.441 | 27 | IVCCS+ICP | 1.76×10−5 | 7.518 | 30 | IVCCS+WICP | 1.16×10−5 | 2.294 | 20 |
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Table 3. Statistics of experimental results of the algorithm before and after improvement
Algorithm | Noise | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | ICP | 5% | 3.57×10−3 | 485.125 | 133 | FPFH+ICP | 2.83×10−3 | 24.827 | 24 | IVCCS+WICP | 2.47×10−3 | 1.896 | 15 | ICP | 10% | 4.18×10−3 | 533.17 | 142 | FPFH+ICP | 3.41×10−3 | 25.748 | 27 | IVCCS+WICP | 3.12×10−3 | 2.224 | 21 | ICP | 15% | 1.08×10−2 | 942.03 | 157 | FPFH+ICP | 9.57×10−3 | 27.253 | 37 | IVCCS+WICP | 8.68×10−3 | 2.468 | 25 |
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Table 4. Statistics of noise data results
Model | Model fragment | Number | Car | Car_view1 | 61699 | Car_view2 | 65015 | Library | Library_view1 | 18933 | Library_view2 | 18925 | Panzer | Panzer_view1 | 10828 | Panzer_view2 | 9298 |
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Table 5. Actual collected data segment size
Algorithm | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | ICP | 6.39×10−4 | 185.125 | 41 | FPFH+ICP | 3.88×20−4 | 5.978 | 21 | IVCCS+WICP | 2.92×10−5 | 1.474 | 13 |
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Table 6. Statistics of car data results
Algorithm | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | ICP | 8.011×10−4 | 84.828 | 59 | FPFH+ICP | 6.243×10−4 | 3.165 | 31 | IVCCS+WICP | 5.386×10−4 | 0.945 | 20 |
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Table 7. Statistics of library data results
Algorithm | RMSE | Time/s | Iterations | ICP | 2.199×10−4 | 31.116 | 38 | FPFH+ICP | 1.652×10−4 | 2.112 | 21 | IVCCS+WICP | 1.388×10−4 | 0.726 | 14 |
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Table 8. Statistics of library data results