In this paper, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (ED-XRF) technology is used in conjunction with the operation chain analysis of the pottery process commonly used in archaeological circles to develop the production process and cultural heritage of the pottery remains unearthed from the Meishan site in Ruzhou, Henan province. The Meishan site is located in Liuzhuang Village, North of Ruzhou City, Henan Province (formerly Linru County). It is a representative site in the Central Plains for studying the Neolithic period to the civilized state stage. There are a large amount of pottery remains with typical archaeological cultural characteristics from the Wangwan Ⅲ culture (BC2300—BC1900) to the state form of Erlitou culture (BC1750—BC1500), which can provide a deeper understanding of major issues such as the process of social complexity and the origin of the state around 4 000 years ago. Therefore, the comprehensive multi-disciplinary study of the pottery unearthed at the site has extremely high academic value and cultural significance. This paper analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of pottery samples of different cultural types unearthed from the Meishan site and combines the analysis results with the pottery operation chain analysis for comparative analysis. Aiming at the pottery remains of Meishan site, the results of spectrum analysis show that the archaeological cultures in different periods have little difference in the selection of pottery raw materials and have the same origin, suggesting that although the cultural types are different, their understanding and selection of clay are highly consistency. The results of the pottery operation chain analysis show that although the Neolithic Wangwan Phase Ⅲ culture was earlier, its pottery production process is more advanced than the late Erlitou culture, reflecting the continuous and swaying development in the cultural evolution of the Central Plains region. Pottery operation chain analysis can reflect the characteristics and inheritance of cultural content. After using the spectroscopic analysis to exclude the influence of raw materials and firing temperature, the information extracted by it is more persuasive and comparable. Comprehensive research shows that combining spectroscopy analysis and pottery operation chain analysis to carry out multi-disciplinary comparison and comprehensive research can better eliminate interference, obtain a more solid and objective understanding, and provide important research for archaeological cultural evolution.